IntroductionGlobal commerce is unpredictable. Pandemics, wars, sanctions, and climate-related disasters frequently disrupt supply chains, making performance of contracts difficult — or even impossible. To deal with these challenges, businesses rely on force majeure and hardship clauses in international contracts. These clauses allocate risk when extraordinary events prevent performance or fundamentally alter the balance of obligations. […]
IntroductionArbitration in international contracts has become the most reliable method of resolving cross-border disputes. Businesses trading across different jurisdictions want neutrality, enforceability, and speed, all of which arbitration provides better than traditional court litigation. Institutions such as the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), and the Istanbul Arbitration Centre […]
IntroductionArbitration in international contracts has become the preferred dispute resolution mechanism for global traders, investors, and multinational companies. Unlike court litigation, arbitration offers neutrality, flexibility, and enforceability across borders. With rising cross-border transactions, parties increasingly insert arbitration clauses into their contracts to ensure certainty in the event of disputes. Institutions such as the International Chamber […]
IntroductionLate delivery in international contracts has emerged as a critical issue in the post-COVID era, where global supply chains are under constant strain. Wars, sanctions, port congestion, and logistical bottlenecks have all contributed to frequent delays in the performance of international sales agreements. For businesses engaged in cross-border trade, the consequences of late delivery can […]
Introduction The future trends in international contract law are increasingly shaped by digitalization and technological innovation. From online platforms managing cross-border transactions to blockchain-powered smart contracts that self-execute, international contract law is evolving beyond traditional frameworks. For businesses, lawyers, and policymakers, understanding how digital contracts and smart contracts transform global commerce is essential for maintaining […]
Introduction Understanding how to draft an international contract is an essential skill for businesses, entrepreneurs, and lawyers involved in global trade. Unlike domestic agreements, international contracts must navigate multiple jurisdictions, cultural differences, and cross-border risks. A poorly drafted contract can result in disputes, unenforceability, or financial loss. By following a structured step-by-step approach, companies can […]
Introduction The International Sales Contracts (CISG Guide for Businesses) provides a practical roadmap for companies engaging in cross-border trade. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), adopted by more than 95 countries, harmonizes rules for international commercial transactions. By offering a uniform legal framework, the CISG reduces uncertainty, minimizes […]
Introduction The rules on termination, breach, and remedies in international contracts are fundamental to global commerce. When a contract crosses borders, legal systems may diverge on how to define a breach, when termination is justified, and what remedies are available. To provide predictability, international conventions such as the CISG and soft-law instruments like the UNIDROIT […]
Introduction The role of force majeure and hardship clauses in international contracts has never been more critical than in today’s unpredictable global environment. International trade is vulnerable to unforeseen disruptions—ranging from pandemics and wars to supply chain breakdowns and financial crises. These clauses provide contractual mechanisms to address events beyond the parties’ control, ensuring fairness […]
Introduction The inclusion of arbitration and mediation clauses in international contracts has become a standard practice in cross-border transactions. These clauses provide neutral, flexible, and enforceable mechanisms for resolving disputes without relying on unpredictable local courts. Whether through institutional arbitration (ICC, LCIA, ISTAC) or ad hoc procedures under UNCITRAL rules, carefully drafted dispute resolution clauses […]