1. What Is a Turkish Tax Identification Number? In Turkey, the Tax Identification Number (Vergi Kimlik Numarası – VKN) is a unique numeric code used by the tax administration to identify taxpayers and persons involved in financial or legal transactions. For foreigners who do not yet have a Foreigner Identification Number (Yabancı Kimlik Numarası) from […]
1. What Is a Long-Term Residence Permit in Turkey? Under the Law on Foreigners and International Protection No. 6458 (LFIP), a long-term residence permit (often called indefinite or permanent residence) is a type of residence permit issued without a time limit to certain foreigners who have been living in Turkey for many years. Unlike short-term […]
1. Overview of the Turkish Banking and Finance Framework Turkey’s banking and finance law is built around a statutory and regulatory architecture designed to ensure confidence and stability in financial markets, protect depositors and investors, and promote integration with global and EU standards. The cornerstone of the system is Banking Law No. 5411, which sets […]
Criminal Responsibility in Self-Driving Car Accidents Introduction: When No One Is “Holding the Wheel” As vehicles move from driver assistance systems to fully autonomous driving, a simple question becomes deeply complicated: Who is criminally responsible when a self-driving car causes an accident? In a conventional car crash, criminal law looks at the human driver: Did […]
Introduction: From Research Lab to Criminal Law Artificial intelligence development is typically associated with innovation, research and economic growth. Yet as models become more powerful and widely accessible, concerns have shifted from simple misuse to the development of inherently harmful or dangerously unsafe AI systems. This raises a provocative question: When, if ever, should the […]
Predictive Policing and the Risk of Algorithmic Bias When the Future Becomes a Police Target Predictive policing promises to make law enforcement “smarter”: algorithms analyze past crime data to forecast who is likely to offend, where crime is likely to occur, or which victims are most at risk. On paper, this seems attractive: limited police […]
Introduction: One Technology, Many Legal Answers Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly deployed across borders, but the legal answers to AI-related harm are far from uniform. The European Union, the United States, and key Asian jurisdictions (such as China, Japan, South Korea and Singapore) are developing distinct liability models for AI systems. These models differ not […]
1. Introduction: Why Foreigners Need a Specific Guide When a foreign national is taken into custody in Turkey, the situation is not only a criminal law problem. It immediately becomes a multi-layered legal issue that involves: A Turkish citizen will usually have family, language knowledge and familiarity with the system to navigate the process. A […]
Introduction The European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act (Artificial Intelligence Act – Regulation (EU) 2024/1689) was adopted in June 2024 and entered into force on 1 August 2024, with most of its provisions scheduled for phased application over the following months and years. As the world’s first comprehensive horizontal regulation on artificial intelligence, the AI Act […]