1. Introduction Especially during the summer months, passengers travelling from busy airports such as Istanbul, Antalya, Izmir, Bodrum and Dalaman may encounter an interesting situation: the ticket has been purchased from one airline, yet the aircraft may carry the livery of another airline, the pilots and cabin crew may wear different uniforms, and the aircraft […]
Introduction In the modern commercial aviation industry, the acquisition of an aircraft is far more complex than an ordinary purchase of goods. Particularly in transactions involving commercial aircraft with purchase or financing values ranging from approximately USD 50 million to USD 100–150 million or more, airlines generally do not prefer to fund the entire purchase […]
Introduction A Turkish airline does not necessarily need to purchase an aircraft outright in order to add a new Airbus A320neo, A321neo, A330, A350, Boeing 737 MAX, 787, or a similar aircraft to its fleet. In modern commercial aviation, a significant portion of airline fleets are operated through aircraft leasing structures, under which ownership of […]
Introduction The acquisition of an Airbus A320, Boeing 737, Gulfstream, Bombardier Global, Dassault Falcon, Embraer, or any other commercial or private aircraft is legally far more complex than an ordinary sale of movable property. Due to the multimillion-dollar value of aircraft, international registration systems, airworthiness requirements, financing structures, mortgages, rights over engines and equipment, export […]
Introduction The execution of a share purchase agreement and completion of an acquisition do not necessarily bring an M&A transaction to an end. Some of the most significant disputes arise months or even years after closing. A buyer may discover an undisclosed tax liability. The seller may claim that deferred consideration has not been paid. […]
Seller, Buyer, Carrier and Insurer Liability in Cross-Border Trade and the Role of Incoterms® International trade depends upon the physical movement of goods across borders. A Turkish manufacturer may sell machinery to Germany. A European distributor may purchase electronic components from China. A company in Istanbul may import industrial equipment from the United States, while […]
Introduction International business is increasingly conducted without paper, physical meetings or handwritten signatures. A supplier in Türkiye may negotiate a distribution agreement with a German company entirely by email. A software provider in the United States may conclude thousands of contracts each day through an “I Agree” button. A company director may approve a commercial […]
International Distribution and Franchise Agreements: Legal Risks for Businesses Expanding Abroad International expansion often begins with a deceptively simple commercial idea: Find a local partner and let that partner sell the brand in the new market. The legal reality is considerably more complicated. A company entering a foreign country through a distributor, dealer, franchisee, master […]
A Legal Guide for Turkish Companies Buying from or Selling to China, Germany, the United States and Other International Markets International sales transactions are no longer limited to multinational corporations. A Turkish textile company ordering machinery from Germany, an Istanbul-based electronics importer purchasing components from China, a Turkish manufacturer exporting furniture to the United States, […]
Introduction Cross-border e-commerce has transformed an ordinary consumer purchase into a potentially international legal transaction. A consumer living in Türkiye may purchase a mobile phone from a German seller through Amazon, handmade jewellery from a Canadian merchant through Etsy, electronic equipment from a Chinese trader through Temu, or a second-hand product from a seller located […]