Introduction International arbitration in Turkey has become an increasingly important dispute resolution mechanism for foreign investors, Turkish companies, exporters, importers, contractors, distributors, technology providers, energy companies, infrastructure investors and multinational groups doing business in or with Turkey. In international commerce, parties often prefer arbitration because it offers neutrality, confidentiality, procedural flexibility, technical expertise and a […]
Introduction Jurisdiction clauses are among the most important provisions in Turkey-related international commercial contracts. They determine which court will hear future disputes, which procedural system will apply, how quickly a party may obtain interim measures, and whether the final decision can be enforced against assets located in Turkey. For international businesses, a jurisdiction clause is […]
Introduction Choice of law is one of the most important clauses in any international commercial agreement connected with Turkey. A well-drafted choice of law clause determines which legal system will govern the parties’ contractual rights and obligations. In cross-border commerce, this issue is not merely technical. It directly affects contract interpretation, breach, remedies, limitation periods, […]
Introduction Cross-border commercial contracts in Turkey play a central role in international trade, foreign investment, logistics, construction, manufacturing, distribution, technology transfer, agency relationships and international sale of goods. Turkey’s strategic position between Europe, Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus makes it a natural commercial bridge for companies operating across different jurisdictions. However, […]
Introduction Turkey has long been one of the most strategically positioned jurisdictions for international commerce, foreign direct investment, logistics, manufacturing, construction, technology, energy, infrastructure, real estate and regional trade. Located between Europe, Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus, Turkey functions as a commercial bridge for foreign investors who wish to access multiple […]
Introduction Turkish international commercial law is not governed by a single isolated code. Instead, it is a sophisticated legal framework formed by the interaction of the Turkish Commercial Code, the Turkish Code of Obligations, Turkish private international law, international arbitration legislation, customs regulations, foreign investment rules, banking and payment regulations, tax law, competition law and […]
Introduction Holding companies play a central role in corporate structuring, investment planning, group management and profit repatriation in Turkey. A Turkish holding company may own domestic subsidiaries, foreign subsidiaries, operating companies, real estate companies, technology companies, investment vehicles, joint venture companies or regional group entities. It may receive dividends, sell participations, provide management services, extend […]
Introduction Intellectual property rights are among the most valuable assets in modern business. Patents, trademarks, software, copyrights, designs, utility models, know-how, trade secrets, algorithms, source code, databases, technical processes and brand systems can generate revenue through licensing, sale, transfer, franchising, SaaS subscriptions, royalty payments, technology service agreements and intra-group IP arrangements. In Turkey, the taxation […]
Introduction Franchise agreements are widely used in Turkey in sectors such as retail, food and beverage, hospitality, education, fitness, cosmetics, automotive services, real estate brokerage, healthcare services, e-commerce, logistics and branded service businesses. A franchise model allows a franchisor to expand its brand through independent operators, while franchisees benefit from the franchisor’s trademark, know-how, operational […]
Introduction Taxation of construction projects in Turkey is one of the most complex areas of Turkish tax law. Construction projects may involve contractors, subcontractors, real estate developers, landowners, foreign engineering companies, public authorities, joint ventures, consortiums, architects, technical consultants, construction material suppliers, investors and final buyers. Each party may face different tax obligations depending on […]