Learn how framework agreements and long-term supply contracts work under Turkish law, including contract formation, call-off orders, pricing, adjustment, hardship, default, termination, standard terms, merchant duties, and mandatory mediation in commercial disputes. Introduction Framework agreements and long-term supply contracts in Turkey are widely used in manufacturing, retail, construction, energy, logistics, distribution, and technology-driven procurement. Turkish […]
Learn how set-off, netting, and payment adjustment mechanisms work under Turkish law, including statutory set-off requirements, contractual netting, current account structures, insolvency-related issues, protected claims, and drafting strategies for Turkish contracts. Introduction Set-off, netting, and payment adjustment mechanisms under Turkish law are among the most practical tools for managing payment risk in commercial relationships. They […]
Learn how boilerplate clauses work under Turkish law, including general transaction conditions, unfair terms, interpretation against the drafter, unilateral amendment bans, consumer protections, and why standard terms can decide enforceability in Turkey. Introduction Boilerplate clauses in Turkish contracts matter far more than many parties assume. In practice, businesses often focus on the “commercial” sections of […]
Learn how foreign currency clauses and payment obligations work in Turkish contracts, including Article 99 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, Decree No. 32 restrictions, the 2025 movable-sale amendment, resident-party rules, and drafting tips for enforceable FX clauses in Turkey. Introduction Foreign currency clauses and payment obligations in Turkish contracts are governed by two layers […]
Learn how choice of law and jurisdiction clauses work in contracts involving Turkey, including foreign-law selection, Turkish court clauses, foreign court agreements, consumer and employment limits, exclusive jurisdiction, and enforcement of foreign judgments in Turkey. Introduction Choice of law and jurisdiction clauses in contracts involving Turkey can determine far more than boilerplate. They affect which […]
Learn how representations, warranties, and indemnities work in Turkish commercial contracts, including drafting strategy, title and defect risk, fraud, disclosure, limitation clauses, and enforcement under Turkish law. Introduction Representations, warranties, and indemnities in Turkish commercial contracts are central tools for allocating risk, especially in share purchase agreements, asset deals, supply contracts, distribution arrangements, technology contracts, […]
Learn how termination of contracts works under Turkish law, including rescission, notice-based termination, immediate termination for just cause, impossibility, hardship, lease and employment rules, and the legal consequences of ending a contract in Turkey. Introduction Termination of contracts in Turkey is not governed by a single universal rule. Turkish law distinguishes between contracts that end […]
Learn how representations, warranties, and indemnities work in Turkish commercial contracts, including contract freedom, fraud and mistake, title and defect liability, indemnity drafting, limitation clauses, and dispute enforcement in Turkey. Introduction Representations, warranties, and indemnities in Turkish commercial contracts are widely used in sophisticated transactions, but Turkish law does not organize them as one single […]
Learn how termination of contracts works under Turkish law, including rescission, notice-based termination, immediate termination for just cause, impossibility, hardship, lease and employment rules, and the legal consequences of ending a contract in Turkey. Introduction Termination of contracts in Turkey is not governed by a single universal rule. Turkish law distinguishes between contracts that end […]
Learn how penalty clauses and liquidated damages work under Turkish law, including enforceability, judicial reduction, non-performance, delay, employment limits, lease restrictions, consumer-law risks, and practical drafting strategies. Introduction Penalty clauses and liquidated damages under Turkish law are governed primarily by the Turkish Code of Obligations. The core statutory rules appear in Articles 179 to 182, […]