Introduction Thermal power plants (TPPs), while vital for energy generation, can cause significant environmental harm due to their emissions, ash disposal, and impacts on air, water, and soil quality. When these harmful effects result in damage to individuals, communities, or ecosystems, compensation lawsuits can be filed against the plant operators or other responsible entities. This […]
Introduction The bankruptcy of an energy company can have severe repercussions on the energy supply chain, affecting producers, distributors, suppliers, and end consumers. Unlike other sectors, the energy industry involves critical infrastructure, long-term contractual commitments, and regulatory oversight, making the legal implications of bankruptcy particularly complex. This article examines how the energy supply chain is […]
Introduction Legal due diligence is a critical process in Power Plant Operation Transfer Agreements (OTAs), where the ownership or operational control of an energy facility is transferred from one party to another. Due diligence ensures that the buyer (or transferee) fully understands the legal, regulatory, financial, and contractual obligations associated with the power plant. Given […]
Introduction Energy projects, particularly those involving cross-border investments in oil, gas, electricity, and renewable energy, often require dispute resolution mechanisms that are neutral, enforceable, and effective. International arbitration has become the preferred method for resolving disputes in energy projects due to its flexibility, enforceability under the New York Convention (1958), and the expertise of arbitrators […]
Introduction EPC contracts (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) are a widely used project delivery model in the energy sector, covering the design, procurement of materials, construction, and commissioning of energy production facilities such as power plants, renewable energy plants (solar, wind, biomass), and combined-cycle facilities. These contracts, often referred to as “turnkey contracts,” require the contractor […]
Introduction Electricity purchase and sale agreements (EPSAs), including long-term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs), are crucial for ensuring stable energy supply between producers and consumers. These contracts often involve substantial financial commitments, regulatory obligations, and performance guarantees. One of the most significant aspects of these agreements is the force majeure clause, which determines how parties are […]
Introduction Energy supply contracts form the backbone of transactions between energy producers, suppliers, distributors, and end consumers. Whether in the context of electricity, natural gas, renewable energy, or combined energy solutions, these contracts define the rights, obligations, and responsibilities of all parties involved. Given the strategic importance of energy, the contracts are not only subject […]
Introduction The global transition to clean energy has created a significant opportunity for foreign investors in renewable energy markets, including solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal projects. Countries seeking to reduce carbon emissions and diversify their energy portfolios often provide incentives, legal guarantees, and investment protection mechanisms to attract foreign capital. This article examines the […]
Introduction Hydroelectric power projects (HEPPs) are among the most debated renewable energy investments due to their potential environmental impacts on rivers, ecosystems, and local communities. Although these projects are vital for sustainable energy production, they are subject to strict environmental regulations. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reports and environmental permits serve as the primary legal instruments […]
Introduction Biomass power plants play a critical role in renewable energy production, converting organic materials—such as agricultural residues, forest waste, animal manure, and food industry by-products—into energy. While biomass energy contributes to sustainability, it also generates solid, liquid, and gaseous waste during the conversion process, which must be managed under strict legal and environmental regulations. […]