Introduction Geothermal energy is considered a reliable and sustainable energy source that supports global renewable energy strategies. In Turkey, geothermal resources are defined as natural resources of public ownership, and their exploration, use, and operation are strictly regulated under various laws, including Law No. 5686 on Geothermal Resources and Natural Mineral Waters. Investors interested in […]
Introduction Wind energy projects are often established on vast rural or coastal lands due to their high wind potential. While these projects contribute to sustainable energy production and economic growth, they frequently intersect with complex land rights and expropriation issues. One of the legal debates arising in this context is whether expropriation without compensation (or […]
Introduction In recent years, the global shift toward renewable energy has positioned solar energy as one of the most promising resources. In Turkey, legislative changes have made solar power plant (SPP) installations more accessible, especially through the concept of unlicensed electricity production. Governed primarily by the Electricity Market Law (Law No. 6446), the Unlicensed Electricity […]
Introduction The global energy transition has made renewable energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc.) a strategic priority. Since the early 2000s, Turkey has been promoting renewable energy investments by offering special incentives, legal facilitations, and license exemptions. The Law on the Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources for the Purpose of Generating Electrical Energy (Law […]
In today’s pharmaceutical sector, not only manufacturing but also distribution and logistics are processes of critical importance. Pharmaceutical distribution companies operating in Turkey play a vital role in protecting public health and are subject to a stringent legal framework. 1. Licensing Requirement for Pharmaceutical Distribution Activities Companies intending to distribute human medicinal products in Turkey […]
In today’s world, the rise of global supply chains and cross-border collaborations has significantly increased the frequency with which Turkish companies enter into commercial contracts with foreign partners. However, in this process—where different legal systems, trade customs, and judicial practices intersect—careful drafting of commercial contracts is of critical importance to minimize contract-related risks. 1. Governing […]
Energy investments, such as those in renewable energy, natural gas, petroleum, and electricity markets, involve complex regulatory, financial, and operational challenges. Legal risks are among the most significant threats that can impact the success and profitability of energy projects. From licensing and regulatory compliance to environmental obligations and contractual disputes, investors must carefully navigate the […]
The Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EPDK) is the primary institution responsible for regulating the energy market in Turkey. It has the authority to issue licenses, impose administrative fines, and oversee compliance with energy laws and regulations. However, the wide-ranging powers of the EPDK sometimes lead to disputes between investors and the authority. In such cases, […]
Hydroelectric power plants (HEPPs) are among the most common and reliable forms of renewable energy generation, using water flow to produce electricity. In Turkey, hydroelectric power projects are heavily regulated, requiring a comprehensive set of licenses, permits, and approvals before construction and operation can commence. These requirements are designed to ensure the sustainable use of […]