The concept of General Average is more than just an ancient maritime tradition; it is a sophisticated risk-sharing mechanism that remains vital in the era of mega-container ships. As maritime adventures become larger and more complex, the legal nuances of General Average dictate how billions of dollars in potential losses are distributed among stakeholders. This […]
The global shipping industry is inherently exposed to volatile environments, making marine insurance the primary safeguard for international commerce. Beyond being a simple contract of indemnity, marine insurance serves as a sophisticated legal instrument that facilitates global trade by distributing immense maritime risks among various stakeholders. In the intersection of maritime law and insurance practice, […]
Turkey is not only a country with magnificent bays but also a strategic hub in the maritime world, being one of the top three yacht producers globally. However, owning a yacht is not just a vehicle purchase; it is a complex process of yacht registration and maritime law. Here are the details beyond the selection: […]
1. The Nature and Significance of Maritime Claims In the complex world of international shipping, maritime claims serve as the primary legal instrument for creditors to secure their rights. A maritime claim is not a standard commercial debt; it is a specialized category of claim defined under international conventions—most notably the 1999 Geneva Convention on […]
1. Law of the Sea: The Compass of Rules The law of the sea is one of the oldest branches of international law, governing the use of the oceans, the allocation of marine resources, and the safety of navigation. Its primary legal framework, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), […]
Digital Platforms, Content, and Liability Regime in Game & E-Sports Law (Türkiye) 1) Why “platform liability” is the core legal risk in gaming & esports Modern games and esports are not just “products”—they are always-on digital platforms: matchmaking, voice/text chat, UGC (user-generated content), mods, community servers, livestreams, clipping, marketplace listings, tournament hubs, and sponsor activations. […]
Introduction In Turkish corporate law, independent audit and directors’ responsibility are closely interconnected. While independent auditors examine the accuracy and reliability of financial statements, ultimate responsibility for corporate governance, accounting systems, and financial integrity remains with the Board of Directors. Following the enactment of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) No. 6102 and the modernization of […]
Introduction Board members of Turkish joint stock companies (Anonim Şirket – A.Ş.) hold significant managerial authority and decision-making power. However, this authority is accompanied by extensive legal responsibility. Under Turkish law, board members may face civil, criminal, administrative, and tax liability if they breach statutory duties or act negligently. The Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) No. […]
Introduction Corporate audit mechanisms play a crucial role in ensuring transparency, accountability, and financial integrity in Turkish joint stock companies (Anonim Şirket – A.Ş.). Following the enactment of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) No. 6102 and the strengthening of capital markets regulations, audit and oversight systems have become significantly more structured and mandatory. Audit mechanisms […]
Introduction Real estate development remains one of the most dynamic sectors of the Turkish economy. Large-scale residential projects, mixed-use commercial complexes, industrial facilities, tourism investments, and urban transformation initiatives continue to attract both domestic and foreign investors. However, real estate development in Turkey is subject to a complex legal framework involving zoning legislation, land registry […]