Introduction Contracts are designed to ensure that parties fulfill their obligations as agreed. However, in practice, parties sometimes fail to perform their contractual duties on time or in the manner specified in the agreement. To reduce the risk of non-performance and protect contractual interests, many contracts include penalty clauses, known in Turkish law as “cezai […]
Introduction Contracts are the foundation of legal and commercial relationships. Once a contract is validly concluded, the parties are legally obligated to fulfill the commitments they have agreed upon. However, in some situations, one party may fail to perform their contractual obligations, which raises the issue of contract enforcement. In Turkey, the enforcement of contracts […]
Introduction The principle of good faith is one of the most fundamental concepts in modern legal systems and plays a central role in contract law. In Turkey, the principle of good faith is explicitly regulated under Article 2 of the Turkish Civil Code (Türk Medeni Kanunu) and influences the interpretation and application of contract law […]
Introduction Contracts form the foundation of legal and commercial relationships by establishing binding obligations between parties. However, contractual relationships do not always continue indefinitely. In many cases, contracts eventually come to an end due to fulfillment of obligations, mutual agreement, or legal reasons. Under Turkish law, the termination of contracts is primarily regulated by the […]
Introduction Contracts are fundamental tools that regulate legal and commercial relationships. In Turkey, contracts form the basis of numerous transactions ranging from business partnerships and employment agreements to real estate deals and international trade. To ensure that a contract is enforceable and legally valid, it must comply with the rules established under the Turkish Code […]
Introduction Contracts establish legally binding obligations between parties and play a critical role in regulating commercial and personal relationships. In Turkey, contractual relationships are governed primarily by the Turkish Code of Obligations (Türk Borçlar Kanunu – TBK). Once a valid contract is formed, both parties are legally required to fulfill their obligations as agreed. However, […]
Introduction Contracts are essential legal instruments used to regulate relationships between individuals, companies, and institutions. A well-drafted contract provides legal certainty, clarifies the rights and obligations of the parties, and helps prevent disputes. However, poorly drafted contracts may lead to misunderstandings, financial losses, and complex legal conflicts. In Turkey, contract drafting is primarily governed by […]
Introduction Contracts play a central role in regulating legal relationships between individuals, companies, and institutions. In Turkey, the validity and formation of contracts are primarily governed by the Turkish Code of Obligations (Türk Borçlar Kanunu – TBK). This legislation establishes the legal framework for how contracts are formed, interpreted, and enforced. For a contract to […]
Introduction Contract law constitutes one of the fundamental pillars of private law in every legal system. In Turkey, contract law is primarily governed by the Turkish Code of Obligations (Türk Borçlar Kanunu – TBK), which regulates the creation, validity, interpretation, performance, and termination of contracts. Contracts play a crucial role in both personal and commercial […]
Delay Damages in Shipping and “Demurrage / Detention” Disputes: How They Arise, How They’re Calculated, and How to Win ThemDelay is the quiet profit-killer of maritime trade. A vessel arrives “almost” on time, cargo is “nearly” ready, paperwork is “about” to clear—and suddenly the bill contains a line item that dwarfs the freight: demurrage, detention, […]