Introduction The construction industry is one of the most dynamic and economically significant sectors in Turkey. Large-scale infrastructure projects, public-private partnerships (PPP), residential developments, energy facilities, commercial real estate, and urban transformation initiatives contribute substantially to national economic growth. Turkish contractors are also globally active, making Turkey one of the leading countries in international construction […]
Introduction With the rapid expansion of digital business models, e-commerce platforms, fintech applications, SaaS services, and cloud-based operations, personal data protection has become one of the most critical regulatory areas for companies operating in Turkey. Turkey’s Personal Data Protection Law (KVKK – Law No. 6698) entered into force in 2016 and is largely inspired by […]
Introduction Foreign direct investment (FDI) has long been a strategic pillar of Turkey’s economic development policy. Positioned at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, Turkey offers a dynamic domestic market, developed industrial infrastructure, and integration with global trade networks. Turkey’s foreign investment regime is built upon a liberal legal framework that promotes […]
Introduction Liquidation is the legal process through which a company ceases its commercial activities, settles its debts, converts its assets into cash, and distributes any remaining balance to shareholders before being formally removed from the trade registry. In Turkey, liquidation procedures of companies are primarily governed by the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC), along with tax […]
Introduction Commercial contracts form the legal backbone of business operations in Turkey. Whether involving supply agreements, distribution arrangements, construction contracts, service agreements, agency relationships, or cross-border transactions, commercial contracts determine the allocation of risk, rights, and obligations between parties. Turkish contract law is primarily governed by the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO), supported by the […]
Introduction Turkey has developed a dynamic startup ecosystem over the last decade, particularly in sectors such as fintech, e-commerce, gaming, SaaS, artificial intelligence, and logistics technologies. Istanbul has become a regional innovation hub attracting venture capital funds, angel investors, and corporate investors. However, startup investments carry inherent legal risks, especially in emerging markets where regulatory […]
Introduction Turkey has long maintained a liberal foreign investment regime aimed at attracting international capital, promoting economic growth, and integrating with global markets. Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a vital role in sectors such as manufacturing, energy, finance, real estate, technology, infrastructure, and services. Unlike some jurisdictions that impose strict entry approvals or foreign ownership […]
Introduction Share transfers are among the most common corporate transactions in Turkey, occurring in contexts such as mergers and acquisitions, private equity investments, venture capital financing, family business restructuring, and shareholder exits. Under Turkish Commercial Law, share transfer procedures differ significantly depending on the type of company involved—Joint Stock Company (A.Ş.) or Limited Liability Company […]
Introduction When establishing a business in Turkey, one of the most important strategic decisions investors must make is choosing the appropriate legal structure. The two most commonly used corporate forms are: Both structures provide limited liability protection, but they differ significantly in terms of capital requirements, governance rules, share transfer flexibility, regulatory oversight, and suitability […]
Introduction Turkey has become an increasingly attractive jurisdiction for foreign investors seeking access to regional markets spanning Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. With a large domestic consumer base, developed banking infrastructure, and a relatively liberal foreign investment regime, Turkey offers significant business opportunities. One of the most common questions foreign entrepreneurs and investors ask […]