Crimes of document forgery constitute a direct attack on the element of “trust” that ensures the functioning of the legal system. In modern legal systems, documents are the most fundamental tools for the creation, transfer, or termination of rights. Therefore, falsifying the content or form of a document damages not only the relationship between individuals […]
The employment of foreign labor in Türkiye has been structured into a modern and selective framework under the International Labor Law No. 6735. While aiming to protect the domestic labor market, the State also seeks to integrate qualified foreigners who contribute to economic development through models like the “Turquoise Card.” 1.1. Types of Work Permits and […]
The foreign nationals’ law regime in Türkiye has gained a structure that is both modern and human rights-oriented, yet strictly protective of the state’s sovereign powers, particularly with the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP) No. 6458, which came into force in 2013. The most fundamental rule of this regime is the requirement for a […]
A residence permit is a document that foreigners, who intend to stay in Türkiye beyond the duration granted by a visa or visa exemption (generally 90 days), must obtain to maintain their legal status. A residence permit is not merely a right of accommodation; it serves as a fundamental “legal identity” required for a foreigner to exercise […]
Turkish citizenship represents the political and legal bond between the individual and the State. The Turkish Citizenship Law No. 5901 (TVK) bases the establishment of this bond on two main pillars: Citizenship acquired by birth and citizenship acquired later. 1.1. Citizenship Acquired by Birth (Lineage and Place of Birth) The acquisition of Turkish citizenship by birth occurs automatically based on […]
Introduction Responding to a Turkish Competition Authority investigation requires immediate organization, legal precision and strategic discipline. A competition investigation in Turkey can affect a company’s documents, employees, pricing practices, distribution contracts, digital systems, internal communications, management decisions, merger transactions and reputation. The process may begin with an on-site inspection, an information request, a complaint, a […]
Introduction Judicial review of Turkish Competition Board decisions is a crucial part of Turkish competition law enforcement. The Turkish Competition Authority investigates restrictive agreements, cartels, abuse of dominance, merger control violations, resale price maintenance, digital market conduct, on-site inspection obstruction, information request violations and procedural infringements. At the end of these processes, the Turkish Competition […]
Introduction Competition law compliance is no longer a legal issue only for large corporations. Turkish startups, scaleups, SaaS companies, fintech businesses, gaming studios, healthtech ventures, e-commerce platforms, marketplaces, artificial intelligence companies, digital advertisers, app developers and technology investors must also understand Turkish Competition Law from the earliest stage of business growth. The main statute is […]
Introduction Data has become one of the most valuable competitive assets in modern markets. Businesses use data to understand customers, improve products, personalize services, optimize prices, detect fraud, target advertising, manage logistics, evaluate demand, train algorithms and design digital platforms. In Turkey, data-driven business models are now central to e-commerce, online advertising, fintech, digital platforms, […]
Introduction Excessive pricing under Turkish Competition Law is one of the most controversial forms of abuse of dominance. Competition law generally protects low prices, innovation, efficiency and consumer welfare. However, a dominant undertaking may sometimes use its market power not to exclude competitors, but to exploit customers directly by charging prices that are unreasonably high […]