A Legal Guide for Turkish Companies Buying from or Selling to China, Germany, the United States and Other International Markets International sales transactions are no longer limited to multinational corporations. A Turkish textile company ordering machinery from Germany, an Istanbul-based electronics importer purchasing components from China, a Turkish manufacturer exporting furniture to the United States, […]
Bilateral Investment Treaties, Indirect Expropriation, Legitimate Expectations and the State’s Right to Regulate Foreign investment frequently depends on governmental decisions. An investor may acquire land, establish a company, construct an energy facility, purchase shares in a regulated business, obtain a mining licence, develop infrastructure, enter into a concession agreement or invest hundreds of millions of […]
Sanctions Clauses, Force Majeure, Illegality, Banking Restrictions, Currency Risks, Russia-Related Measures and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards Economic sanctions have become one of the most significant sources of legal risk in international commercial transactions. A contract may be perfectly lawful when signed and commercially viable when performance begins, yet become extraordinarily difficult—or legally impossible—to perform after […]
Mine Closure, Site Rehabilitation, Historical Contamination and Environmental Risk Allocation in Cross-Border Investments Large energy and mining projects are usually assessed at the beginning of their life cycle through questions of licensing, financing, construction, production and profitability. Yet some of the most significant legal and financial liabilities may arise after commercial operations have ended. A […]
Introduction International energy transactions have traditionally been associated with complex issues of pricing, transportation, financing, political risk and long-term supply security. Today, however, another legal consideration has become equally important: international sanctions and export controls. A transaction involving crude oil, natural gas, LNG, drilling equipment, turbines, compressors or energy-sector software may appear commercially straightforward while […]
A Legal Guide to Cross-Border Petroleum and Natural Gas Transactions in the Turkish Energy Market Turkey occupies a strategically significant position between major oil and natural gas producing regions in the Middle East, the Caspian Basin, Russia and Central Asia on the one hand, and major European energy-consuming markets on the other. Its geographical position, […]
Introduction The rights granted to Greece Golden Visa family members are among the most important advantages of the Greek residence-by-investment system. A qualifying investment made by one principal applicant may support individual Greek residence permits for several eligible relatives without requiring each family member to make a separate real estate or financial investment. Under the […]
Introduction One of the most common questions asked by foreign investors is: How long does a Greece Golden Visa application take? The answer depends on what is meant by the “application process.” The administrative examination of a complete residence permit application is only one part of the overall transaction. Before the application can be submitted, […]
Introduction International mediation in Turkey has become an increasingly important dispute resolution mechanism for foreign investors, multinational companies, exporters, importers, manufacturers, distributors, technology businesses, logistics providers and companies involved in cross-border commercial transactions. International business disputes often create significant legal and operational risks. The parties may be located in different countries, use different languages, operate […]
Introduction Real estate and co-ownership disputes are among the most complex and financially significant private law disputes in Turkey. These cases may involve jointly owned apartments, inherited land, commercial property, agricultural land, construction projects, title deed transfers, easements, rental income, unauthorised occupation, property expenses and the dissolution of co-ownership. Since 1 September 2023, mediation has […]