Introduction Commercial arbitration frequently involves questions that cannot be resolved through contractual interpretation alone. A tribunal may need to understand why a construction project was delayed, whether machinery complied with technical specifications, how a company should be valued, whether software contained a security defect or how much profit a business would have earned without the […]
Introduction Evidence is often the decisive element in commercial arbitration. A party may have a legally persuasive interpretation of the contract, but it will still need documents, witness testimony, technical data or expert analysis to prove the facts supporting its claim. Commercial disputes connected with Türkiye may involve substantial documentary records. Construction projects generate progress […]
Introduction Modern commercial transactions are rarely governed by a single agreement signed by only two companies. Construction, energy, mergers and acquisitions, infrastructure, distribution, banking, insurance, technology and maritime projects commonly involve several parties and a network of interconnected contracts. A major construction project may include an employer, main contractor, subcontractors, designers, suppliers, guarantors and lenders. […]
Introduction Renewable energy has become one of the most important areas of infrastructure investment in Türkiye. Solar power plants, wind farms, hydroelectric facilities and electricity storage projects require significant capital, long-term regulatory planning, specialised engineering and complex contractual structures. As of the end of May 2026, Türkiye’s installed electricity capacity reached 125,598 MW. Hydroelectric power […]
Introduction Mining projects are among the most capital-intensive and legally complex investments in Türkiye. A mining operation may require years of geological exploration, substantial financing, land-access arrangements, environmental approvals, infrastructure construction, processing facilities, technical personnel and continuing regulatory compliance. The legal structure of a mining project may involve several different parties, including: Disputes may arise […]
Introduction Public-private partnership projects are commonly used to deliver infrastructure and public services that require substantial capital, specialised technology and long-term operation. In Türkiye, PPP structures have been used in sectors such as transportation, healthcare, energy, airports, ports, tunnels, bridges, roads, rail systems, water infrastructure and other large-scale public facilities. A typical PPP project may […]
Introduction Türkiye is home to a diverse hospitality market that includes international hotel brands, independently operated hotels, holiday villages, boutique hotels, thermal facilities, golf resorts, tourism complexes, serviced apartments and mixed-use developments. A single hotel investment may involve several legally separate relationships. The real estate may be owned by one company, financed by another institution, […]
Introduction Franchising enables a business to expand through independently operated outlets while preserving a common commercial identity. The franchisee generally receives the right to use the franchisor’s trademark, business model, operational know-how, visual identity and commercial systems. In return, the franchisee commonly pays an initial franchise fee, continuing royalties and contributions to marketing or technology […]
Introduction Distribution and commercial agency agreements play a central role in the entry of foreign products and services into the Turkish market. International manufacturers frequently appoint Turkish distributors, commercial agents, dealers or sales representatives to establish a customer network, promote products, obtain orders and provide local market support. These commercial relationships may continue for many […]
Introduction Intellectual property rights are central to the commercial value of modern businesses. Trademarks protect brand identity and consumer recognition, while patents protect technological inventions and provide their owners with exclusive commercial rights for a limited period. Licensing agreements enable companies to commercialise these rights without transferring full ownership. Disputes may arise when a licensee […]