Introduction Foreign investors entering the Turkish market often focus on company formation, tax registration, banking, employment and commercial contracts. However, many investment projects in Turkey also depend heavily on municipal law. A foreign-owned company may be legally incorporated, have shareholders, a tax number, a bank account and trade registry records, but it may still be […]
Introduction Municipal property, leasing and real estate transactions in Turkey form a highly practical area of Turkish administrative law and real estate law. Municipalities own, use, lease, sell, purchase, allocate and manage a wide range of immovable properties, including land, buildings, shops, markets, parking areas, social facilities, public service buildings, parks, roads, commercial units, development […]
Introduction Municipal companies in Turkey occupy a special position between public administration and private commercial law. They are usually incorporated as joint stock companies or limited liability companies under the Turkish Commercial Code, but their shareholder is wholly or predominantly a municipality, metropolitan municipality or affiliated local administration. They may provide services such as transportation, […]
Introduction Municipal police powers in Turkey are a crucial part of local administrative enforcement. The Turkish municipal police, known as zabıta, are responsible for maintaining local order, public health, urban discipline, municipal regulatory compliance and lawful use of public spaces within the municipality’s jurisdiction. Their inspections may affect restaurants, cafés, hotels, shops, markets, street vendors, […]
Introduction Urban transformation in Turkey is one of the most significant legal, administrative and real estate issues of modern Turkish law. Due to earthquake risk, old building stock, unplanned urbanisation, illegal or unsafe construction, infrastructure problems and the need for healthier cities, urban transformation has become a central public policy area. It affects property owners, […]
Introduction Public procurement by municipalities in Turkey is one of the most important legal areas for contractors, suppliers, service providers, construction companies, engineering firms, technology companies, cleaning companies, transportation operators and foreign investors. Municipalities regularly purchase goods, services and construction works for roads, parks, infrastructure, transportation, waste management, social facilities, cultural services, software systems, building […]
Introduction Workplace opening and operation licenses issued by Turkish municipalities are one of the most important legal requirements for doing business in Turkey. A company may be duly incorporated, registered with the trade registry, registered with the tax office and operating under a valid lease agreement, but these steps do not automatically allow it to […]
Introduction Municipal liability in Turkey is a key part of Turkish administrative law. Municipalities are responsible for many public services that directly affect daily life, property rights, commercial activity and public safety. Roads, pavements, parks, public squares, waste collection, environmental cleaning, zoning, construction permits, workplace licences, municipal police inspections, fire services, infrastructure works and social […]
Introduction Municipalities play a central role in the delivery of public services in Turkey. Roads, pavements, waste collection, environmental cleaning, zoning, construction control, fire services, parks, public markets, municipal police inspections, local transportation, burial services, social assistance, cultural services and many other daily public functions are directly connected with municipalities. For citizens, companies, property owners, […]
Introduction Municipal taxes and fees in Turkey are an essential part of the local government finance system. Municipalities provide local public services such as zoning, urban infrastructure, environmental cleaning, roads, waste management, public spaces, licensing, municipal police services, fire services, parks, markets and local facilities. To finance these services, Turkish law grants municipalities the authority […]