Introduction Letters of intent and memoranda of understanding are widely used in Turkish commercial transactions before parties sign a final contract. They are common in mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, share purchases, asset deals, real estate projects, international supply agreements, franchise negotiations, distribution arrangements, construction projects, technology transfers, investment rounds, financing transactions and settlement negotiations. […]
Introduction International logistics contracts in Turkey are essential for importers, exporters, manufacturers, freight forwarders, carriers, customs brokers, distributors, e-commerce businesses, insurers and foreign companies trading with Turkish counterparties. Turkey’s strategic location between Europe, Asia, the Middle East and the Caucasus makes it a major logistics corridor for road, sea, air, rail and multimodal transport. However, […]
Introduction Product liability in Turkish international trade is a critical legal issue for manufacturers, exporters, importers, distributors, retailers, e-commerce platforms, brand owners, logistics operators and foreign companies placing goods on the Turkish market. In modern trade, a product dispute is rarely limited to a simple buyer-seller disagreement. A defective or unsafe product may lead to […]
Introduction Commercial agency termination in Turkey is one of the most sensitive issues in Turkish commercial law, especially for foreign companies working with Turkish agents, distributors, sales representatives, intermediaries or local business developers. A commercial agency relationship may begin as a flexible and efficient market-entry tool. The principal avoids establishing a local company, while the […]
Introduction International trade disputes in Turkey are common in cross-border sale of goods, distribution, agency, franchise, logistics, construction, supply, joint venture, shareholder, investment, licensing and payment security relationships. A foreign company may face unpaid invoices from a Turkish buyer, defective goods from a Turkish supplier, delayed delivery, customs problems, breach of exclusivity, wrongful termination, misuse […]
In the arena of commercial real estate transactions, the acquisition of an asset represents a complex convergence of financial, physical, regulatory, and legal considerations. Unlike residential property purchases, which are heavily insulated by consumer protection frameworks, commercial real estate operates almost exclusively under the strict legal doctrine of caveat emptor—let the buyer beware. In the […]
Introduction Foreign shareholder rights in Turkish companies are a critical issue for international investors, private equity funds, strategic buyers, family offices, multinational groups and entrepreneurs doing business in Turkey. A foreign investor may enter the Turkish market by establishing a new company, acquiring shares in an existing Turkish company, joining a joint venture with a […]
Introduction Cross-border mergers and acquisitions in Turkey require careful legal due diligence because a Turkish target company may carry corporate, tax, employment, regulatory, contractual, data protection, competition, real estate, intellectual property and litigation risks that are not visible from financial statements alone. For foreign buyers, a Turkish M&A transaction is not only a commercial valuation […]
Introduction International supply agreements in Turkey are essential legal instruments for companies engaged in manufacturing, import-export, industrial production, construction, retail, energy, healthcare, food, automotive, machinery, textiles, electronics, technology and infrastructure projects. A supply agreement may appear simple: one party supplies goods, raw materials, components, equipment or products, and the other party pays the price. In […]
Introduction Franchise agreements in Turkey are increasingly important for international brands, Turkish entrepreneurs, retail chains, food and beverage businesses, education services, fitness centers, hotel brands, automotive services, beauty and cosmetics chains, healthcare-related service providers, e-commerce businesses and technology-based service models. Turkey’s large consumer market, young population, strategic location and developed retail infrastructure make it an […]