Introduction In today’s interconnected global economy, companies often engage in cross-border commercial relationships involving complex supply chains. From manufacturing to distribution, international contracts bind numerous stakeholders who depend on the timely and uninterrupted flow of goods and services. However, unforeseen events—such as pandemics, wars, or natural disasters—can render contractual performance impossible or excessively burdensome. In […]
Introduction In today’s rapidly evolving healthcare landscape, the medical device industry is growing significantly in response to technological advancements and increasing public health needs. However, manufacturers wishing to operate in this field must not only comply with technical standards but also meet stringent regulatory requirements. Among these, obtaining a CE certificate and completing the licensing processes required by […]
Introduction The digital transformation of healthcare services has revolutionized how medical care is accessed and delivered. Telemedicine, which involves the remote delivery of healthcare services, has significantly improved accessibility, reduced costs, and proved vital during public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this transformation also brings forward critical legal and ethical questions. Issues such as […]
Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are reshaping the pharmaceutical R&D landscape, especially in the realms of drug discovery, clinical trial design, and biomedical data analysis. Machine learning algorithms are increasingly used to accelerate research timelines, reduce costs, and optimize clinical success rates. However, these systems also introduce new types of risk. Errors such as biased data sets, incorrect predictions, or opaque decision-making may […]
Introduction One of the most groundbreaking developments in modern biotechnology is the advent of CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology. This technique allows for precise, rapid, and cost-effective modification of genetic material in living organisms, unlocking transformative possibilities in areas such as rare genetic diseases, cancer treatments, and agricultural biotechnology. However, the commercialization and clinical use of CRISPR technology have also triggered patent disputes, debates over […]
Introduction Among the most striking scientific advancements of the 21st century is the rapid progress in biotechnology, particularly in the field of medicine. Technologies such as genetic engineering, personalized medicine, gene therapies, and AI-supported clinical decision systems offer more effective and individualized solutions in healthcare. However, they also raise complex ethical, social, and most importantly, legal challenges. This article examines the legal implications of processing […]
IMO Ship Identification Number: Legal Basis, Importance, and International Standards 1. What is the IMO Ship Identification Number? The IMO Ship Identification Number is a unique, permanent, and lifetime-valid number assigned to ships for identification purposes in the international maritime industry.This number is issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to enhance safety, prevent maritime […]
1. Introduction Clinical trials are essential for evaluating the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. However, beyond their scientific importance, these trials involve significant legal and ethical responsibilities. The rights of volunteers, the obligations of sponsoring pharmaceutical companies, and the judicial review of ethics committee decisions are among the key issues under Turkish law. […]
1. Introduction With the growing integration of technology in medicine, robotic surgery and autonomous medical systems are transforming patient care. However, these advancements raise complex legal questions—particularly in the event of a malfunction or complication—regarding who bears responsibility. In Turkish law, this area is still developing, and the multi-actor nature of liability requires careful legal examination. 2. What is Robotic […]
1. Introduction Financial technologies (FinTech) have transformed traditional banking, making financial services more accessible and user-friendly. Digital banks, which operate without physical branches, represent a new generation of fully online financial institutions. However, this innovation also requires a robust legal and regulatory framework. In Turkey, FinTech companies and digital banks are subject to strict rules, […]