Foreign investors are often attracted to Türkiye because it offers scale, industrial depth, and regional access; however, the decisive question is rarely whether the market is promising. Instead, the investment decision typically turns on whether the investor can achieve legal certainty on three fronts: (i) clean title to shares and assets, (ii) predictable cash extraction […]
Foreign investors entering Türkiye often assume that incorporation documents alone will protect their rights. In reality, most investment outcomes are determined not by the articles of association, but by the private governance contract that sits behind the cap table: Shareholder Agreement Turkey documentation and, where relevant, a tailored joint venture (JV) structure. A well-drafted shareholder […]
For foreign investors evaluating Türkiye, ESG is no longer a branding exercise; it is an investment variable that influences valuation, financing conditions, and exit optionality. In this environment, TSRS compliance (Türkiye Sustainability Reporting Standards) has become a practical benchmark for whether a target can produce reliable, decision-grade sustainability information. Investors increasingly treat TSRS readiness as […]
Türkiye’s investment incentives framework was substantially restructured through Decree No. 9903, published in the Official Gazette on 30 May 2025. The reform reorganised the incentive architecture around technology upgrading, regional development, and strategic capacity building, while maintaining the “investment incentive certificate” as the principal gateway to benefits. For foreign investors, the key issue is not […]
In wholesale power markets, standardised documentation is not a luxury; it is a risk-control device. For cross-border traders, suppliers, and large consumers, the EFET Electricity Trading Agreement is frequently the preferred framework because it offers a familiar allocation of credit risk, delivery risk, and close-out mechanics. However, “using EFET” is not the same as “being […]
Electricity trading and supply are rarely governed by a single contract. In practice, market participants rely on a portfolio of agreements that allocate operational, regulatory, and financial risk across different layers of the value chain. This is where Electricity Market Contracts become strategically important: they translate market mechanics—metering, settlement, imbalance, network constraints, and credit exposure—into […]
An Electricity Supply and Sales Agreement is the key commercial instrument through which electricity is supplied to industrial facilities, commercial consumers, or portfolio buyers. In Turkey, electricity trading operates within a regulated market structure, yet the contractual relationship itself remains fundamentally a private-law arrangement. This dual nature means the agreement must be drafted to achieve […]
An Operation and Maintenance Agreement (often called an O&M contract) is the legal backbone of how power plants, industrial facilities, commercial buildings, and infrastructure assets are operated after construction and commissioning. In Turkey, these agreements are usually concluded as commercial contracts and shaped by general principles of the Turkish law of obligations, commercial practice, and—where […]
A Grandstand Supply and Installation Contract is increasingly used for stadiums, school facilities, municipal sports complexes, and temporary event venues where the project is not limited to the sale of materials but extends to on-site assembly, anchoring, safety compliance, and acceptance testing. In Turkish practice, these projects sit at the intersection of sale-of-goods logic and […]
First, the legal essence of an EPC arrangement is the contractor’s commitment to deliver a functioning facility rather than merely performing labour. Accordingly, the contract should define objective completion milestones, testing protocols, and acceptance criteria (e.g., capacity, availability, efficiency, and emissions). Without a disciplined performance-testing regime, disputes often arise over whether underperformance is attributable to […]