INTRODUCTION Turkish Citizenship by Bank Deposit: Eligibility, CBRT Conversion, and the 3-Year Lock is an exceptional pathway under Turkish law that allows qualified investors to obtain citizenship by committing funds to a Turkish bank subject to strict currency-conversion and holding requirements. In practice, success depends on meeting the statutory threshold, converting foreign currency through the […]
INTRODUCTION Citizenship rights of work permit holders in Turkey are an important legal topic for foreign nationals residing and working in the country. Many foreigners begin their life in Turkey with a short-term or long-term work permit, and over time they become eligible to apply for Turkish citizenship if they meet the conditions set forth […]
19) Model Clause Snippets (Plain English → Turkish Law Ready) Hardship (TCO 138-aligned):“The Parties acknowledge that extraordinary, unforeseeable events that fundamentally disturb the contractual equilibrium may entitle the affected party to seek adaptation in good faith. Failing agreement within 30 days of a written request, the affected party may apply to court for adaptation or […]
) Legal Framework & Authorities Practical note: Numeric thresholds (e.g., minimum capital, independent audit limits) are periodically revised by decrees and board decisions. Confirm the latest figures before filing. 2) Common Legal Forms & Governance Architecture (a) Limited Liability Company (Limited Şirket – “Ltd. Şti.”) (b) Joint Stock Company (Anonim Şirket – “A.Ş.”) (c) Alternatives […]
Introduction As countries seek to secure energy supply and reduce carbon emissions, nuclear energy is once again gaining attention worldwide. Turkey is following this trend with major investments such as the Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant. However, unlike other energy sources, nuclear energy projects require a more rigorous legal and administrative framework. Two of the most critical […]
Maritime transport and logistics, the backbone of global trade, involve complex processes such as the shipment of large volumes of goods, customs transitions, delays, and cargo damage. Disputes arising from these processes are often resolved through arbitration, which is a preferred method due to its flexibility and expertise. Additionally, marine insurance, which secures the cargo during transit, […]
Introduction One of the most groundbreaking developments in modern biotechnology is the advent of CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology. This technique allows for precise, rapid, and cost-effective modification of genetic material in living organisms, unlocking transformative possibilities in areas such as rare genetic diseases, cancer treatments, and agricultural biotechnology. However, the commercialization and clinical use of CRISPR technology have also triggered patent disputes, debates over […]
Introduction Among the most striking scientific advancements of the 21st century is the rapid progress in biotechnology, particularly in the field of medicine. Technologies such as genetic engineering, personalized medicine, gene therapies, and AI-supported clinical decision systems offer more effective and individualized solutions in healthcare. However, they also raise complex ethical, social, and most importantly, legal challenges. This article examines the legal implications of processing […]
1. Introduction Clinical trials are essential for evaluating the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. However, beyond their scientific importance, these trials involve significant legal and ethical responsibilities. The rights of volunteers, the obligations of sponsoring pharmaceutical companies, and the judicial review of ethics committee decisions are among the key issues under Turkish law. […]
1. Introduction With the growing integration of technology in medicine, robotic surgery and autonomous medical systems are transforming patient care. However, these advancements raise complex legal questions—particularly in the event of a malfunction or complication—regarding who bears responsibility. In Turkish law, this area is still developing, and the multi-actor nature of liability requires careful legal examination. 2. What is Robotic […]