Introduction The cross-border energy trade is a crucial component of the global economy, involving the transmission and sale of electricity, natural gas, oil, and renewable energy resources across national borders. Due to the transnational nature of energy markets, international law plays a vital role in regulating trade, ensuring energy security, and resolving disputes between states […]
Introduction Retail energy sales involve the supply of electricity and natural gas directly to end-users, such as households and small businesses. As energy is a fundamental service, consumers require legal protections against unfair practices, contract imbalances, and sudden changes in prices or terms. Among these protections, consumer rights (such as transparent billing, fair contract terms) […]
Introduction Electricity distribution companies act as intermediaries between electricity generation and end-users, ensuring the reliable delivery of power to consumers. Their operations are highly regulated because electricity is considered an essential public service, and any disruption or unfair practices can have significant social and economic impacts. The legal responsibilities of electricity distribution companies toward consumers […]