Basic Definitions, Scope, and Legal Framework (For Turkish Citizens) International crimes are among the gravest offenses recognized under international law because they threaten not only the legal order of the country where they are committed but also the conscience of humanity, international peace, and global security. These crimes transcend national borders and are considered offenses […]
Rental Agreement for Foreigners in Turkey Turkey has become one of the most attractive destinations for expatriates, international students, digital nomads, investors, and professionals seeking a new place to live. Cities such as Istanbul, Antalya, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa, and Mersin welcome thousands of foreign residents every year. One of the first legal steps after arriving […]
International arbitration clauses are frequently inserted into commercial agreements involving Turkish companies, foreign investors, contractors, suppliers, shareholders, distributors and financial institutions. A properly drafted arbitration clause can provide a neutral, efficient and internationally enforceable dispute-resolution framework. A poorly drafted clause can produce the opposite result. Ambiguous or incomplete arbitration wording may lead to jurisdictional objections, […]
Confidentiality and data protection have become essential components of international arbitration proceedings connected with Turkey. Commercial arbitrations frequently involve sensitive material such as financial records, customer information, employee files, technical designs, medical documents, pricing formulas, trade secrets, internal investigations, banking data, personal correspondence and commercially valuable digital records. The arbitration may also involve participants located […]
Evidence, Witnesses and Expert Reports in Turkish Arbitration Evidence is often the decisive element in Turkish arbitration proceedings. A party may have a commercially justified claim, but it will not succeed merely by alleging that the other party breached the contract. The claimant must establish the facts supporting its claim, while the respondent must prove […]
International arbitration is based on party autonomy and the parties’ decision to have their dispute determined by private adjudicators rather than state courts. Nevertheless, arbitration does not operate entirely outside the national judicial system. Courts perform essential supportive, protective and supervisory functions throughout the arbitration process. They may give effect to the arbitration agreement, prevent […]
Obtaining a favourable arbitral award in Türkiye does not always result in voluntary payment. The losing party may refuse to comply, transfer its assets, relocate its business operations or maintain all commercially valuable property outside Türkiye. In these circumstances, the award creditor may need to recognise and enforce the Turkish arbitral award in one or […]
Investment arbitration and the protection of foreign investors in Turkey are important considerations for multinational companies, private equity funds, infrastructure developers, energy companies, financial institutions and individuals planning substantial investments connected with the Turkish market. Foreign investments may take many forms. An investor may establish a Turkish company, acquire shares in an existing business, finance […]
International Sales Contracts and Arbitration Proceedings in Turkey International sales contracts are essential to Turkey’s commercial relationships with Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa and the Americas. Turkish manufacturers, exporters, importers, distributors and trading companies regularly enter into agreements involving cross-border deliveries, foreign-currency payments, international transport, customs procedures and documentary payment mechanisms. Although many international […]
Shareholders’ Agreements and Corporate Arbitration under Turkish Law Shareholders’ agreements play a central role in joint ventures, private equity investments, family-owned companies, start-ups, strategic partnerships and cross-border acquisitions involving Turkish companies. The articles of association of a company establish its registered corporate structure. A shareholders’ agreement, by contrast, enables some or all shareholders to regulate […]