Introduction Cargo seizure in international trade is one of the most serious legal risks affecting importers, exporters, carriers, freight forwarders, customs brokers, insurers and cargo owners. Unlike an ordinary delay or temporary customs hold, seizure means that public authorities have taken control of the goods because they suspect a violation of customs, trade, intellectual property, […]
Introduction Customs detention of goods during transportation is one of the most serious legal and commercial risks in international trade. A shipment may be properly sold, properly packed and safely transported, yet still fail to reach the buyer on time because customs authorities decide to hold, inspect, examine, verify or detain the goods. When this […]
Introduction Loading and unloading liability in cargo transportation is one of the most important legal issues in logistics law, international trade and cargo claims. Many disputes do not arise during the actual movement of goods on the road, at sea, by air or by rail. Instead, they occur at the beginning or end of the […]
Introduction Improper packaging in goods transport is one of the most common causes of cargo damage, cargo loss and transportation disputes. In international and domestic logistics, goods are exposed to vibration, impact, stacking pressure, humidity, temperature changes, handling operations, customs inspections, loading and unloading, road movement, sea motion, air cargo handling, rail shocks and warehouse […]
Introduction Subcontracting in logistics is one of the most common and legally complex practices in the transportation of goods. In modern international trade, the company that contracts with the shipper is often not the same company that physically carries the goods. A freight forwarder may contract with a road carrier. A road carrier may subcontract […]
Introduction International freight forwarding agreements are essential legal instruments in global trade and logistics. In modern international commerce, goods rarely move from seller to buyer through a single carrier or a simple route. A shipment may involve road transport, sea carriage, air cargo, rail movement, customs clearance, warehousing, port handling, terminal storage, insurance coordination and […]
Introduction Warehouse-to-warehouse cargo liability is one of the most important legal concepts in international transportation and cargo insurance. In modern trade, goods rarely move directly from a seller’s premises to a buyer’s warehouse through a single uninterrupted transport stage. A shipment may begin at a factory warehouse, move by truck to a port, remain in […]
Introduction Container transportation is one of the most important systems in modern international trade. The use of standardized containers allows goods to move efficiently between trucks, vessels, trains, ports, terminals, warehouses and final delivery points. A single container may travel across several countries and transport modes before reaching the consignee. This system creates speed, scale […]
Introduction Transportation of perishable goods is one of the most legally sensitive areas of logistics and international trade. Perishable goods are products that may deteriorate, lose commercial value, become unsafe, spoil, decay or become unusable if they are not transported under suitable conditions. These goods commonly include fresh fruit, vegetables, meat, seafood, dairy products, frozen […]
Introduction Temperature-controlled transportation of goods is one of the most legally sensitive areas of modern logistics and international trade. Many products cannot be transported safely under ordinary ambient conditions. Pharmaceuticals, vaccines, biological products, medical devices, frozen food, fresh produce, seafood, meat, dairy products, flowers, cosmetics, chemicals and certain high-value industrial materials may lose quality, safety […]