🔹 INTRODUCTION The illegal import, distribution, or trade of narcotic substances in Turkey is among the most heavily sanctioned offenses under Turkish criminal law. When this offense is committed by a foreign national, it entails not only criminal liability under the Turkish Penal Code (TPC) but also a series of consequences under international criminal law and immigration law. […]
Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are reshaping the pharmaceutical R&D landscape, especially in the realms of drug discovery, clinical trial design, and biomedical data analysis. Machine learning algorithms are increasingly used to accelerate research timelines, reduce costs, and optimize clinical success rates. However, these systems also introduce new types of risk. Errors such as biased data sets, incorrect predictions, or opaque decision-making may […]
1. Introduction Türkiye’s large and well-regulated pharmaceutical market presents lucrative opportunities for global manufacturers, wholesalers, and parallel importers. Its advanced logistics, regional export capacity, and robust compliance culture make Türkiye a strategic hub for medicine distribution. However, the sector is strictly regulated—with legal pitfalls for the unwary, especially around licensing, parallel import, and anti-counterfeiting. This […]