Introduction Nationality is usually acquired by birth, marriage, residence, or investment. However, in certain circumstances, states may grant citizenship directly as an exception, bypassing standard requirements. In Turkey, this mechanism is called citizenship by exceptional cases (istisnai yoldan Türk vatandaşlığı). It is governed by Article 12 of Law No. 5901 on Turkish Citizenship, which gives […]
Introduction Nationality is the legal status that defines a person’s membership in a state. While some individuals acquire citizenship automatically at birth or through marriage, many foreigners obtain nationality later in life through long-term settlement. In Turkey, this process is formally known as citizenship by residence or naturalisation. Governed by the Turkish Citizenship Law (Law […]
Introduction Marriage is not only a social and cultural institution but also a recognized legal pathway to acquiring nationality in many countries. Turkey is no exception: under certain conditions, citizenship by marriage offers foreigners the opportunity to become Turkish citizens. However, unlike automatic citizenship by birth, marriage does not instantly confer nationality. Instead, Turkish law […]
Introduction Citizenship is the legal bond that connects an individual to a state, granting rights and imposing obligations. Among the various ways of acquiring nationality, citizenship by birth is the most fundamental and widely recognized across jurisdictions. In Turkey, as in many countries, the legal framework of citizenship by birth is codified in the Turkish […]
Introduction Mergers are one of the most significant tools in corporate law to achieve growth, restructuring, and market consolidation. The legal framework of mergers in Turkish law is mainly governed by the Turkish Commercial Code (Türk Ticaret Kanunu – TTK), supplemented by the Competition Law and the Capital Markets Law. Understanding the regulatory landscape is […]
Introduction For international investors and multinational companies, Turkey has long been an attractive destination due to its strategic position between Europe and Asia, dynamic economy, and growing consumer market. One of the most common ways foreign investors enter the Turkish market is through mergers and acquisitions (M&A). However, Turkish corporate law has its own specific […]
Introduction In the contemporary business and legal environment, due diligence has emerged as a cornerstone of risk management and dispute prevention. At its core, due diligence refers to the process of conducting a thorough investigation and verification before entering into any binding commitment, be it a merger, real estate transaction, or corporate partnership. The absence […]
IntroductionGlobal commerce is unpredictable. Pandemics, wars, sanctions, and climate-related disasters frequently disrupt supply chains, making performance of contracts difficult — or even impossible. To deal with these challenges, businesses rely on force majeure and hardship clauses in international contracts. These clauses allocate risk when extraordinary events prevent performance or fundamentally alter the balance of obligations. […]
IntroductionArbitration in international contracts has become the most reliable method of resolving cross-border disputes. Businesses trading across different jurisdictions want neutrality, enforceability, and speed, all of which arbitration provides better than traditional court litigation. Institutions such as the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), and the Istanbul Arbitration Centre […]