Introduction: Why “payment accounts & wallets” matter in Turkey Turkey has become one of Europe’s most dynamic payments markets. Instant transfers, standardized QR payments, and open-banking rails now underpin the way consumers and businesses move money. Against this backdrop, payment accounts & wallets—typically operated by banks, payment institutions, or e-money institutions—sit at the core of […]
Introduction Fintech in Turkey has moved from “promising niche” to “regulated mainstream.” From payments and e-money to open banking, AML and data protection, the regulatory perimeter is now clear enough for institutional investors—yet dynamic enough to reward first movers who structure compliance into product design. This article explains what fintech covers in practice, how Turkish […]
Introduction Import and export of narcotic substances under Article 188/2 of the Turkish Penal Code is among the most heavily punished offenses in Turkish criminal law. The provision criminalizes both bringing narcotics into Turkey (import/ithal) and taking them out of Turkey (export/ihracat). As Turkey is geographically positioned between Asia and Europe, it is considered a […]
Introduction Providing opportunity for narcotic substance use under Article 190/2 of the Turkish Penal Code is a separate and aggravated form of facilitation of drug use. While Article 190(1) generally criminalizes facilitation or encouragement of narcotic consumption, Article 190/2 specifically punishes those who make places, means, or opportunities available for others to consume narcotics. For […]
Introduction Facilitation of narcotic substance use under Article 190 of the Turkish Penal Code is a separate offense that targets conduct enabling or encouraging others to use narcotics. Unlike Article 188 (trafficking) and Article 191 (personal possession), this provision criminalizes those who may not directly produce, sell, or consume drugs, but who create opportunities, provide […]
Introduction Possession of narcotic substances for personal use under Article 191 of the Turkish Penal Code is a distinct offense in Turkish criminal law, separated from drug trafficking (Article 188 TPC). While trafficking is punished as a crime against public health with severe penalties, Article 191 addresses the situation where individuals hold narcotics only for […]
Introduction Production and trafficking of narcotic or stimulant substances under Article 188 of the Turkish Penal Code is one of the gravest criminal offenses in Turkey. Foreigners residing, visiting, or doing business in Turkey should be fully aware of the severe legal consequences attached to drug-related crimes. Turkish criminal law treats narcotic and stimulant substance […]