Introduction Board members of Turkish joint stock companies (Anonim Şirket – A.Ş.) hold significant managerial authority and decision-making power. However, this authority is accompanied by extensive legal responsibility. Under Turkish law, board members may face civil, criminal, administrative, and tax liability if they breach statutory duties or act negligently. The Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) No. […]
Introduction Corporate audit mechanisms play a crucial role in ensuring transparency, accountability, and financial integrity in Turkish joint stock companies (Anonim Şirket – A.Ş.). Following the enactment of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) No. 6102 and the strengthening of capital markets regulations, audit and oversight systems have become significantly more structured and mandatory. Audit mechanisms […]
Introduction Real estate development remains one of the most dynamic sectors of the Turkish economy. Large-scale residential projects, mixed-use commercial complexes, industrial facilities, tourism investments, and urban transformation initiatives continue to attract both domestic and foreign investors. However, real estate development in Turkey is subject to a complex legal framework involving zoning legislation, land registry […]
Introduction The construction industry is one of the most dynamic and economically significant sectors in Turkey. Large-scale infrastructure projects, public-private partnerships (PPP), residential developments, energy facilities, commercial real estate, and urban transformation initiatives contribute substantially to national economic growth. Turkish contractors are also globally active, making Turkey one of the leading countries in international construction […]
Introduction With the rapid expansion of digital business models, e-commerce platforms, fintech applications, SaaS services, and cloud-based operations, personal data protection has become one of the most critical regulatory areas for companies operating in Turkey. Turkey’s Personal Data Protection Law (KVKK – Law No. 6698) entered into force in 2016 and is largely inspired by […]
Introduction Foreign direct investment (FDI) has long been a strategic pillar of Turkey’s economic development policy. Positioned at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, Turkey offers a dynamic domestic market, developed industrial infrastructure, and integration with global trade networks. Turkey’s foreign investment regime is built upon a liberal legal framework that promotes […]
Introduction Liquidation is the legal process through which a company ceases its commercial activities, settles its debts, converts its assets into cash, and distributes any remaining balance to shareholders before being formally removed from the trade registry. In Turkey, liquidation procedures of companies are primarily governed by the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC), along with tax […]
Introduction Commercial contracts form the legal backbone of business operations in Turkey. Whether involving supply agreements, distribution arrangements, construction contracts, service agreements, agency relationships, or cross-border transactions, commercial contracts determine the allocation of risk, rights, and obligations between parties. Turkish contract law is primarily governed by the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO), supported by the […]
Introduction Turkey has developed a dynamic startup ecosystem over the last decade, particularly in sectors such as fintech, e-commerce, gaming, SaaS, artificial intelligence, and logistics technologies. Istanbul has become a regional innovation hub attracting venture capital funds, angel investors, and corporate investors. However, startup investments carry inherent legal risks, especially in emerging markets where regulatory […]
Introduction Turkey has long maintained a liberal foreign investment regime aimed at attracting international capital, promoting economic growth, and integrating with global markets. Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a vital role in sectors such as manufacturing, energy, finance, real estate, technology, infrastructure, and services. Unlike some jurisdictions that impose strict entry approvals or foreign ownership […]