TL;DR (Executive Summary) This guide is educational and general in nature. Always obtain tailored legal advice for your specific product, sector and investors. 1) Incorporation Playbook: Picking the Right Vehicle 1.1 Company Types at a Glance Limited Company (Ltd. Şti.) Joint‑Stock Company (A.Ş.) Rule of thumb: If you expect institutional VC rounds or an exit, […]
Türkiye’s onshore wind market remains one of the most dynamic segments of its power sector, driven by competitive YEKA-RES tenders, steady project pipelines under the licensed/unlicensed regimes, and a rising opportunity set in repowering. Below is a practitioner-oriented legal roadmap that foreign investors can use to de-risk entry, diligence counterparties, and structure bankable transactions. 1) […]
Investing in Utility-Scale and C&I Solar (GES) in Turkey: YEKA/YETA, Rooftop, Hybrids and Storage—A Legal Brief for Foreign Investors Türkiye’s solar market is scaling fast and offers four practical entry routes for foreign investors: (i) YEKA/YETA utility-scale tenders, (ii) rooftop C&I self-consumption, (iii) hybrid GES by adding PV to existing plants, and (iv) PV co-located […]
1) Executive Snapshot Real‑estate‑backed investments combine an underlying asset (immovable property) with a legal wrapper (entity or fund). In Turkey, market‑standard wrappers include REITs (GYO), Real Estate Investment Funds (GYF), Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) and project companies formed as A.Ş. or Ltd. Şti. The legal viability of any structure turns on three pillars: This guide […]
Investing in Turkey’s Pharmaceutical Sector: A Practical Legal Brief for Foreign Investors Turkey offers a sizable, fast-growing pharmaceutical market with EU-aligned rules in many areas—and some very local nuances. Below is a concise, practitioner-oriented roadmap covering entry structures, licensing, pricing/reimbursement, compliance, IP/data, competition, and incentives. 1) Market entry & corporate structuringForeign investors may establish or […]
Legal Foundation in Plain Language Turkish law applies a national-treatment approach to foreign direct investment. In general, foreigners may: This baseline is then refined by special legislation for regulated sectors such as banking, insurance, capital markets, energy, telecoms, private security, aviation, media and broadcasting, and certain professional services. If you are entering a regulated space, […]
Executive Summary: To employ a foreigner in Türkiye you must (i) apply for a work permit (or confirm an exemption) and (ii) meet employer obligations on wages, SGK registration and notifications. As a rule, workplaces must employ five Turkish citizens per foreign employee; however, there are new 2024–2025 exemptions (e.g., ₺50,000,000 net sales workplaces can […]
Executive Summary Following the 2024 reforms to KVKK Article 9 and subsequent secondary rules and guidance, Türkiye now operates a three-tier model for sending personal data abroad: The Authority has published four role-based Standard Contract templates (Controller→Controller, Controller→Processor, Processor→Processor, Processor→Controller). These must be notified to the Authority within 5 business days of signature, and changes/termination […]
Executive Summary: Contents 1) What counts as a “service contract” and why non‑compete matters In Turkish law, a service contract is the agreement under which an employee undertakes to work personally under the employer’s direction and supervision in return for wages. During employment, the employee owes a duty of loyalty and confidentiality; after termination, that […]
Executive Summary Table of Contents Key Legal Sources & Concepts Individual Tax Residence & Full vs. Limited Taxpayer Status 1) The Core Rule 2) Determining Residence for Individuals Key factors commonly considered under Turkish law and practice: 3) Typical Individual Income Categories (GVK Framework) Residents declare worldwide income subject to domestic exemptions, allowances, and progressive […]