IMO Ship Identification Number: Legal Basis, Importance, and International Standards 1. What is the IMO Ship Identification Number? The IMO Ship Identification Number is a unique, permanent, and lifetime-valid number assigned to ships for identification purposes in the international maritime industry.This number is issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to enhance safety, prevent maritime […]
1. Introduction Clinical trials are essential for evaluating the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. However, beyond their scientific importance, these trials involve significant legal and ethical responsibilities. The rights of volunteers, the obligations of sponsoring pharmaceutical companies, and the judicial review of ethics committee decisions are among the key issues under Turkish law. […]
1. Introduction With the growing integration of technology in medicine, robotic surgery and autonomous medical systems are transforming patient care. However, these advancements raise complex legal questions—particularly in the event of a malfunction or complication—regarding who bears responsibility. In Turkish law, this area is still developing, and the multi-actor nature of liability requires careful legal examination. 2. What is Robotic […]
1. Introduction Financial technologies (FinTech) have transformed traditional banking, making financial services more accessible and user-friendly. Digital banks, which operate without physical branches, represent a new generation of fully online financial institutions. However, this innovation also requires a robust legal and regulatory framework. In Turkey, FinTech companies and digital banks are subject to strict rules, […]
1. Introduction Mega projects—typically found in sectors like energy, infrastructure, construction, and technology—are large-scale, complex undertakings involving multiple stakeholders. In such projects, effective contract management is crucial to ensuring project success. Moreover, given the international nature of many of these projects, arbitration has become a preferred method for resolving disputes efficiently and fairly. 2. Importance […]
1. Introduction With the advancement of technology, the concept of the metaverse and investments in digital real estate within virtual worlds are rapidly increasing. Users can buy, sell, and trade digital plots, buildings, and other assets on blockchain-based platforms. However, this new form of digital ownership raises many novel legal questions within existing legal systems. […]
1. Introduction Today, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in advertising is becoming increasingly widespread. AI solutions provide a strategic advantage for businesses in areas such as personalized advertising, target audience analysis, and predicting user behavior. However, this also brings significant legal risks in terms of the processing and protection of personal data under […]
1. Introduction: The Need for Regulation in the Crypto Ecosystem Cryptocurrency exchanges—whether centralized or decentralized—facilitate the trading of digital assets. Although Turkey ranks among the countries with the highest rates of crypto adoption, for many years it operated without a clear, comprehensive legal framework governing these platforms. Due to concerns such as investor protection, anti-money […]
Regulation of Digital Currencies: Central Bank Digital Currencies and Legal Challenges 1. Introduction: The Rise of Digital Currency and the Legal Need With the growing global popularity of crypto assets and the transformative impact of technology on financial infrastructures, central banks around the world have begun exploring the concept of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). These […]
1. Introduction: The New Face of Digital Transformation With its decentralized structure and immutable records, blockchain technology has begun to reshape many sectors, especially finance. One of its most transformative applications is the use of smart contracts, which promise automated, transparent, and cost-effective execution of transactions. However, how smart contracts align with legal systems — particularly Turkish […]