Introduction Nuclear power plants are among the most heavily regulated facilities due to the potentially catastrophic consequences of nuclear accidents. The liability of nuclear power plant operators towards third parties is governed by both national and international legal frameworks. Unlike general civil liability, nuclear liability is characterized by strict liability (liability without fault) and limited […]
Introduction Fossil fuel imports—encompassing oil, natural gas, and coal—are governed by a complex network of international contracts, trade agreements, and national regulations. The legal binding power of these contracts is critical because they involve cross-border transactions, long-term commitments, and multi-billion-dollar investments. Unlike purely domestic contracts, international fossil fuel agreements must navigate private international law, public […]
Introduction Natural gas distribution companies in Turkey operate under a strict regulatory framework administered by the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EPDK). To engage in natural gas distribution, companies must obtain a distribution license from EPDK. However, non-compliance with regulatory requirements, contractual breaches, or violations of consumer rights may result in license revocation, which can significantly […]
Introduction Oil refineries are critical components of the global energy supply chain, but they pose significant risks due to the complex and hazardous nature of their operations. Workplace accidents—such as explosions, fires, and chemical leaks—alongside environmental damages, including oil spills, air pollution, and toxic emissions, can have severe consequences for workers, communities, and ecosystems. The […]
Introduction Thermal power plants (TPPs), while vital for energy generation, can cause significant environmental harm due to their emissions, ash disposal, and impacts on air, water, and soil quality. When these harmful effects result in damage to individuals, communities, or ecosystems, compensation lawsuits can be filed against the plant operators or other responsible entities. This […]
Introduction The bankruptcy of an energy company can have severe repercussions on the energy supply chain, affecting producers, distributors, suppliers, and end consumers. Unlike other sectors, the energy industry involves critical infrastructure, long-term contractual commitments, and regulatory oversight, making the legal implications of bankruptcy particularly complex. This article examines how the energy supply chain is […]
Introduction Legal due diligence is a critical process in Power Plant Operation Transfer Agreements (OTAs), where the ownership or operational control of an energy facility is transferred from one party to another. Due diligence ensures that the buyer (or transferee) fully understands the legal, regulatory, financial, and contractual obligations associated with the power plant. Given […]
Introduction Energy projects, particularly those involving cross-border investments in oil, gas, electricity, and renewable energy, often require dispute resolution mechanisms that are neutral, enforceable, and effective. International arbitration has become the preferred method for resolving disputes in energy projects due to its flexibility, enforceability under the New York Convention (1958), and the expertise of arbitrators […]
Introduction EPC contracts (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) are a widely used project delivery model in the energy sector, covering the design, procurement of materials, construction, and commissioning of energy production facilities such as power plants, renewable energy plants (solar, wind, biomass), and combined-cycle facilities. These contracts, often referred to as “turnkey contracts,” require the contractor […]
Introduction Electricity purchase and sale agreements (EPSAs), including long-term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs), are crucial for ensuring stable energy supply between producers and consumers. These contracts often involve substantial financial commitments, regulatory obligations, and performance guarantees. One of the most significant aspects of these agreements is the force majeure clause, which determines how parties are […]