Introduction Energy supply contracts form the backbone of transactions between energy producers, suppliers, distributors, and end consumers. Whether in the context of electricity, natural gas, renewable energy, or combined energy solutions, these contracts define the rights, obligations, and responsibilities of all parties involved. Given the strategic importance of energy, the contracts are not only subject […]
Introduction The global transition to clean energy has created a significant opportunity for foreign investors in renewable energy markets, including solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal projects. Countries seeking to reduce carbon emissions and diversify their energy portfolios often provide incentives, legal guarantees, and investment protection mechanisms to attract foreign capital. This article examines the […]
Introduction Hydroelectric power projects (HEPPs) are among the most debated renewable energy investments due to their potential environmental impacts on rivers, ecosystems, and local communities. Although these projects are vital for sustainable energy production, they are subject to strict environmental regulations. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reports and environmental permits serve as the primary legal instruments […]
Introduction Biomass power plants play a critical role in renewable energy production, converting organic materials—such as agricultural residues, forest waste, animal manure, and food industry by-products—into energy. While biomass energy contributes to sustainability, it also generates solid, liquid, and gaseous waste during the conversion process, which must be managed under strict legal and environmental regulations. […]
Introduction Geothermal energy is considered a reliable and sustainable energy source that supports global renewable energy strategies. In Turkey, geothermal resources are defined as natural resources of public ownership, and their exploration, use, and operation are strictly regulated under various laws, including Law No. 5686 on Geothermal Resources and Natural Mineral Waters. Investors interested in […]
Introduction Wind energy projects are often established on vast rural or coastal lands due to their high wind potential. While these projects contribute to sustainable energy production and economic growth, they frequently intersect with complex land rights and expropriation issues. One of the legal debates arising in this context is whether expropriation without compensation (or […]
Introduction In recent years, the global shift toward renewable energy has positioned solar energy as one of the most promising resources. In Turkey, legislative changes have made solar power plant (SPP) installations more accessible, especially through the concept of unlicensed electricity production. Governed primarily by the Electricity Market Law (Law No. 6446), the Unlicensed Electricity […]
Introduction The global energy transition has made renewable energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc.) a strategic priority. Since the early 2000s, Turkey has been promoting renewable energy investments by offering special incentives, legal facilitations, and license exemptions. The Law on the Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources for the Purpose of Generating Electrical Energy (Law […]
In today’s pharmaceutical sector, not only manufacturing but also distribution and logistics are processes of critical importance. Pharmaceutical distribution companies operating in Turkey play a vital role in protecting public health and are subject to a stringent legal framework. 1. Licensing Requirement for Pharmaceutical Distribution Activities Companies intending to distribute human medicinal products in Turkey […]
In today’s world, the rise of global supply chains and cross-border collaborations has significantly increased the frequency with which Turkish companies enter into commercial contracts with foreign partners. However, in this process—where different legal systems, trade customs, and judicial practices intersect—careful drafting of commercial contracts is of critical importance to minimize contract-related risks. 1. Governing […]