Türkiye’s investment incentives framework was substantially restructured through Decree No. 9903, published in the Official Gazette on 30 May 2025. The reform reorganised the incentive architecture around technology upgrading, regional development, and strategic capacity building, while maintaining the “investment incentive certificate” as the principal gateway to benefits. For foreign investors, the key issue is not […]
In wholesale power markets, standardised documentation is not a luxury; it is a risk-control device. For cross-border traders, suppliers, and large consumers, the EFET Electricity Trading Agreement is frequently the preferred framework because it offers a familiar allocation of credit risk, delivery risk, and close-out mechanics. However, “using EFET” is not the same as “being […]
Electricity trading and supply are rarely governed by a single contract. In practice, market participants rely on a portfolio of agreements that allocate operational, regulatory, and financial risk across different layers of the value chain. This is where Electricity Market Contracts become strategically important: they translate market mechanics—metering, settlement, imbalance, network constraints, and credit exposure—into […]
An Electricity Supply and Sales Agreement is the key commercial instrument through which electricity is supplied to industrial facilities, commercial consumers, or portfolio buyers. In Turkey, electricity trading operates within a regulated market structure, yet the contractual relationship itself remains fundamentally a private-law arrangement. This dual nature means the agreement must be drafted to achieve […]
An Operation and Maintenance Agreement (often called an O&M contract) is the legal backbone of how power plants, industrial facilities, commercial buildings, and infrastructure assets are operated after construction and commissioning. In Turkey, these agreements are usually concluded as commercial contracts and shaped by general principles of the Turkish law of obligations, commercial practice, and—where […]
A Grandstand Supply and Installation Contract is increasingly used for stadiums, school facilities, municipal sports complexes, and temporary event venues where the project is not limited to the sale of materials but extends to on-site assembly, anchoring, safety compliance, and acceptance testing. In Turkish practice, these projects sit at the intersection of sale-of-goods logic and […]
First, the legal essence of an EPC arrangement is the contractor’s commitment to deliver a functioning facility rather than merely performing labour. Accordingly, the contract should define objective completion milestones, testing protocols, and acceptance criteria (e.g., capacity, availability, efficiency, and emissions). Without a disciplined performance-testing regime, disputes often arise over whether underperformance is attributable to […]
1) Why foreign-client paperwork fails (and how to prevent it) In cross-border legal work, the biggest delays rarely come from complex legal argument. They come from documents that are “almost correct”. A foreign client can hold a perfectly legitimate document in their home country and still face rejection in Türkiye because a Turkish authority focuses […]
1) Key Concepts You Must Know “Estate” (Tereke) The estate includes assets and debts. In Turkey, heirs generally step into the deceased’s legal position, meaning inheritance is not only “receiving property,” but also risk-managing liabilities. Immovable vs. Movable Assets This distinction matters greatly in cross-border cases: The Gatekeeper Document: Veraset İlamı (Certificate of Inheritance) Without […]
1) Why Your Foreign Divorce Often Doesn’t “Show Up” in Turkey Turkey generally requires an additional step for foreign judgments to have legal effect domestically. Even if your divorce is valid abroad, Turkish authorities may not treat you as divorced until one of the following happens: Until then, common practical problems include: 2) The Two […]