Introduction: When Code Causes Harm, Who Is to Blame? Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are built, trained, and maintained by human developers — software engineers, data scientists, system architects, and AI researchers. When these systems cause harm — by misdiagnosing patients, causing car accidents, enabling discriminatory decisions, or facilitating cybercrime — the question arises: to what […]
1. Typical scenario: what actually happens at the airport? Foreign passengers are frequently stopped at Istanbul, Sabiha Gökçen, Antalya and other Turkish airports when they: In practice, a typical case unfolds as follows: At this point, most foreigners are frightened, confused and worried about both losing their property and facing criminal charges in a foreign […]
Introduction: When Systems “Decide” on Their Own Autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly capable of making complex decisions without real-time human control. Self-driving cars navigate traffic, medical algorithms recommend treatments, trading systems move billions in financial markets, and autonomous drones adjust their flight paths midair. As AI autonomy expands, a fundamental philosophical and legal […]
1. Introduction: Why Double Tax Treaties Matter in Turkey Foreign investors who allocate capital to Turkey – by acquiring shares in Turkish companies, granting loans, licensing trademarks or software, or providing cross-border services – inevitably face one big concern: Will the same income be taxed both in Turkey and in my home country? This risk, […]
Introduction: Can You Punish a Machine? As artificial intelligence (AI) systems increasingly influence real-world outcomes, legal scholars have begun to ask a difficult question: if an AI system causes serious harm, can – or should – we “punish” the AI itself? At first glance, the idea sounds intuitive. If the system “acted” wrongly, perhaps it […]
1. Legal Basis: Which Laws Govern Foreign Employees in Turkey? When a foreign employee works in Turkey under a valid employment contract, the relationship is usually governed by: A foreign employee with a work permit is generally treated like a Turkish employee in terms of: Therefore, as a default rule, the same termination rules apply […]
Machine Intent: Fiction or Legal Necessity? Introduction: Do We Need “Machine Intent” to Make Sense of AI? As artificial intelligence (AI) systems take more autonomous decisions, a controversial idea has emerged in legal scholarship: “machine intent”. Some argue that we should treat AI systems as if they have a kind of intent or mental state, […]
1. Introduction: Why Foreigners Need a Clear Succession Plan in Turkey Over the last decade, Turkey has become a preferred destination for foreign buyers: apartments in Istanbul, seafront villas in Antalya, investment flats in urban transformation projects, or commercial properties rented to Turkish companies. Once a foreigner acquires property in Turkey, the next key legal […]
Should AI Systems Be Treated as Legal Persons in Criminal Law? Introduction: From Tools to “Legal Persons”? As artificial intelligence (AI) systems become more autonomous and influential, legal scholars and policymakers are asking a provocative question: should AI systems be treated as legal persons in criminal law? The idea is not entirely new. Legal systems […]
Re-Defining “Human Conduct” in Criminal Law for AI-Driven Systems Introduction: When Actions Are Mediated by Machines Criminal law has traditionally centered on human conduct: a physical act or omission that can be attributed to a person who can be blamed, punished, and deterred. This is usually captured in the concept of actus reus, the external […]