1) System Overview and Core Sources Turkey follows a civil-law system with a title-registration (tapu sicili) regime administered by the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre. Ownership and most in rem rights over immovables arise and are perfected by registration. Four pillars frame the practice: What counts as “immovable”? Land, independent and permanent rights […]
1) Legal Framework and Institutional Map Primary Legislation. Residence in Turkey by non-citizens is governed principally by the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (Law No. 6458) (“LFIP”) and its secondary legislation (Implementation Regulation and various circulars). Work authorization is handled under the International Labor Force Law (Law No. 6735), but a valid work permit […]
19) Model Clause Snippets (Plain English → Turkish Law Ready) Hardship (TCO 138-aligned):“The Parties acknowledge that extraordinary, unforeseeable events that fundamentally disturb the contractual equilibrium may entitle the affected party to seek adaptation in good faith. Failing agreement within 30 days of a written request, the affected party may apply to court for adaptation or […]
) Legal Framework & Authorities Practical note: Numeric thresholds (e.g., minimum capital, independent audit limits) are periodically revised by decrees and board decisions. Confirm the latest figures before filing. 2) Common Legal Forms & Governance Architecture (a) Limited Liability Company (Limited Şirket – “Ltd. Şti.”) (b) Joint Stock Company (Anonim Şirket – “A.Ş.”) (c) Alternatives […]
1) Sources of Law & Key Institutions Primary legislation Institutions 2) Entry, Visas & Border Control Visa policy is nationality-specific (e-visa, sticker, or visa-exempt). Even when a visa is not required, purpose-of-stay and sufficient/subsistence means must be demonstrated at the border. Migration officers may deny entry for public order/security grounds or previous overstays/entry bans. Practice […]
This article is a stand-alone, original analysis intended for professionals who advise on or litigate medical liability disputes in Türkiye. It synthesizes black-letter law with courthouse practice and current trends without quoting external sources. I. Concept, Legal Nature, and Sources In Turkish law, “medical malpractice” encompasses patient harm caused by a healthcare professional’s or institution’s […]
Executive summary In Turkey, cross-border data transfers via SaaS tools can trigger enforcement under KVKK if you do not use a lawful transfer mechanism and keep proper records. For most companies, the risk does not come from big, deliberate exports. It comes from ordinary operations: support tickets escalated to an overseas helpdesk, telemetry flowing to […]
One-line takeaway: In Turkey, cross-border cooperation scope creep—where a “simple partnership” with a foreign payments/fintech partner slowly morphs into full payment intermediation—can trigger unlicensed activity risk under Law 6493, unless you secure the right CBRT approvals/notifications and keep the Turkish-licensed entity in the driver’s seat. Why this matters (for founders, GCs, and investors) Teams often […]