) Legal Framework & Authorities Practical note: Numeric thresholds (e.g., minimum capital, independent audit limits) are periodically revised by decrees and board decisions. Confirm the latest figures before filing. 2) Common Legal Forms & Governance Architecture (a) Limited Liability Company (Limited Şirket – “Ltd. Şti.”) (b) Joint Stock Company (Anonim Şirket – “A.Ş.”) (c) Alternatives […]
1) Sources of Law & Key Institutions Primary legislation Institutions 2) Entry, Visas & Border Control Visa policy is nationality-specific (e-visa, sticker, or visa-exempt). Even when a visa is not required, purpose-of-stay and sufficient/subsistence means must be demonstrated at the border. Migration officers may deny entry for public order/security grounds or previous overstays/entry bans. Practice […]
This article is a stand-alone, original analysis intended for professionals who advise on or litigate medical liability disputes in Türkiye. It synthesizes black-letter law with courthouse practice and current trends without quoting external sources. I. Concept, Legal Nature, and Sources In Turkish law, “medical malpractice” encompasses patient harm caused by a healthcare professional’s or institution’s […]
Executive summary In Turkey, cross-border data transfers via SaaS tools can trigger enforcement under KVKK if you do not use a lawful transfer mechanism and keep proper records. For most companies, the risk does not come from big, deliberate exports. It comes from ordinary operations: support tickets escalated to an overseas helpdesk, telemetry flowing to […]
One-line takeaway: In Turkey, cross-border cooperation scope creep—where a “simple partnership” with a foreign payments/fintech partner slowly morphs into full payment intermediation—can trigger unlicensed activity risk under Law 6493, unless you secure the right CBRT approvals/notifications and keep the Turkish-licensed entity in the driver’s seat. Why this matters (for founders, GCs, and investors) Teams often […]
Agent/representative misconduct (KYC corners cut) is a top driver of vicarious liability for Turkish payment and e-money providers. One-line takeaway: In Turkey, agent/representative misconduct (KYC corners cut) can flow straight back to the licensed payment/e-money provider under Law 6493 and MASAK’s AML regime. If your outsourced sales points, onboarding centers, or field reps skip ID […]
Chargeback abuse vs. merchant fraud is the fastest way margins erode in Turkey, unless your contracts, flows, and dispute process are aligned with Law 6502 and network rules. One-line takeaway: In Turkey, chargeback abuse vs. merchant fraud both kill margins—one from the consumer side (friendly fraud, misuse of rights under Law 6502), the other from […]
One-line takeaway: In Turkey, using crypto in the payment leg (i.e., inside the actual checkout, authorization, clearing, or settlement steps) is off-limits. If a merchant wants crypto exposure, keep it outside the regulated payment service and settle fiat-only. Why this keeps coming up A high-growth merchant says: “We want customers to pay with BTC/USDT right […]