Introduction The Sources of International Contract Law provide the essential foundation for understanding how cross-border agreements are created, interpreted, and enforced. Unlike purely domestic contracts, international agreements must rely on a combination of legal systems, conventions, customary practices, and commercial principles. Without identifying and applying these sources correctly, global trade would face uncertainty, unenforceability, and […]
Introduction International Contract Law has become the backbone of modern commerce, binding together companies, investors, and states in a seamless web of legal obligations across borders. In an age where supply chains extend from Shenzhen to Rotterdam and capital flows from New York to Dubai, the ability to create enforceable, predictable, and equitable contracts is […]
ntroduction: İnançlı İşlem (Fiduciary Transaction) The concept of İnançlı İşlem (Fiduciary Transaction) represents a unique feature of Turkish law. It occurs when a party transfers ownership of an asset or a right to another party, not for permanent transfer, but with trust that the transferee will return it or use it in line with a […]
Introduction: İstihkak Davası (Replevin / Ownership Claim) The concept of İstihkak Davası (Replevin / Ownership Claim) is one of the most powerful legal remedies under Turkish enforcement law. It enables the true owner of a property or movable asset to challenge wrongful seizure or possession. In practice, it is often used when goods are confiscated […]
1. Legal Basis of Evidence Law in Turkey Evidence law in Turkey is mainly codified in the: These laws define which facts need to be proven, what constitutes valid evidence, and how courts must evaluate them. 2. Fundamental Principles a. Burden of Proof (İspat Yükü) b. Free Evaluation of Evidence (Hakimin Takdir Yetkisi) c. Legality […]
Introduction The Data Privacy in the Turkish Legal System is founded on constitutional guarantees and codified primarily in the Law on the Protection of Personal Data (KVKK, No. 6698). This framework ensures that personal data is processed lawfully, fairly, and transparently. For businesses, professionals, and foreigners operating in Turkey, compliance with the rules of data […]
Introduction The Turkish Procedural Law (Türk Usul Hukuku) provides the framework for how courts in Turkey hear cases, evaluate evidence, and deliver judgments. It is the backbone of judicial practice, ensuring fairness, efficiency, and legal certainty. The two main branches of procedural law are: For foreigners doing business, investing, or living in Turkey, understanding Turkish […]
Introduction The Turkish Property Law (Türk Eşya Hukuku) forms one of the core parts of the Turkish Civil Code (TMK). It regulates rights over property, both movable and immovable, and provides the framework for ownership, possession, limited rights in rem, and land registration. For foreigners investing in Turkey—whether in real estate, business, or construction—understanding the […]
Introduction The Turkish Commercial Law (Türk Ticaret Hukuku) regulates the legal framework for commercial activities in Turkey. Codified in the Turkish Commercial Code (Türk Ticaret Kanunu – TTK, No. 6102), it provides the rules governing merchants, companies, commercial transactions, negotiable instruments, maritime law, and insurance. For foreign investors, entrepreneurs, and businesses operating in Turkey, understanding […]