Introduction Energy projects, particularly those relying on fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are major contributors to carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, which in turn drive climate change and environmental degradation. As global awareness of climate risks increases, environmental lawsuits targeting carbon emissions have become a prominent legal tool used by governments, non-governmental […]
Introduction The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) worldwide has triggered an urgent need for robust charging infrastructure. Establishing and operating electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) is not only a business opportunity but also a regulatory challenge. Governments are implementing comprehensive licensing, permitting, and regulatory frameworks to ensure safety, reliability, and interoperability of EVCS. This […]
Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) and autonomous systems are increasingly integrated into energy generation, distribution, and storage projects, from smart grids and predictive maintenance algorithms to autonomous energy storage systems and AI-driven energy trading. While these technologies enhance efficiency and sustainability, they also create complex legal questions about liability, accountability, and risk management. This article examines […]
Introduction Energy storage systems (ESS) have emerged as a cornerstone of modern energy infrastructure, supporting the integration of renewable energy sources, improving grid stability, and enabling efficient energy use. With the rapid technological advancements in battery technologies (e.g., lithium-ion, solid-state batteries), supercapacitors, and thermal storage systems, protecting intellectual property (IP) has become crucial for innovation […]
Introduction The cross-border energy trade is a crucial component of the global economy, involving the transmission and sale of electricity, natural gas, oil, and renewable energy resources across national borders. Due to the transnational nature of energy markets, international law plays a vital role in regulating trade, ensuring energy security, and resolving disputes between states […]
Introduction Energy projects often involve large-scale, long-term investments that require stable legal frameworks and predictable government policies. However, conflicts can arise between energy companies and states due to regulatory changes, expropriations, breaches of investment contracts, or political and economic instability. These disputes can significantly impact the financial viability of energy projects and the broader investment […]
Introduction Energy projects, especially those involving oil, gas, electricity, and renewable energy, are often complex and capital-intensive, requiring significant foreign investment. Given the political, regulatory, and economic risks associated with the energy sector, foreign investors frequently seek robust dispute resolution mechanisms to protect their interests. One of the most prominent forums for such disputes is […]
Introduction The Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EPDK) plays a central role in regulating Turkey’s electricity, natural gas, petroleum, and LPG markets. It is responsible for issuing licenses, setting tariffs, supervising market operations, and imposing administrative fines. However, as with all administrative authorities, EPDK’s decisions must comply with the principles of legality, proportionality, and public interest. […]
Introduction Retail energy sales involve the supply of electricity and natural gas directly to end-users, such as households and small businesses. As energy is a fundamental service, consumers require legal protections against unfair practices, contract imbalances, and sudden changes in prices or terms. Among these protections, consumer rights (such as transparent billing, fair contract terms) […]
Introduction Electricity distribution companies act as intermediaries between electricity generation and end-users, ensuring the reliable delivery of power to consumers. Their operations are highly regulated because electricity is considered an essential public service, and any disruption or unfair practices can have significant social and economic impacts. The legal responsibilities of electricity distribution companies toward consumers […]