1. Why a Shareholders Agreement with a Foreign Partner in Turkey Is Essential When a foreign investor participates in a Turkish company—whether as a minority shareholder or controlling partner—the relationship between the parties is rarely governed only by the Articles of Association and the Turkish Commercial Code. In practice, a shareholders agreement with a foreign […]
Can AI Ever Be a Criminal Actor? Introduction: From Tool to “Actor”? As artificial intelligence (AI) systems become more autonomous, a pressing question arises in criminal law theory: can AI ever be considered a true criminal actor? Self-learning algorithms, autonomous vehicles, robotic surgeons, and decision-making systems in finance and defense increasingly act with minimal human […]
1. Introduction Working as the exclusive or non-exclusive distributor of a foreign brand in Turkey can be extremely lucrative. International manufacturers want reliable local partners who understand Turkish customers, regulatory requirements and market dynamics. Turkish distributors, on the other hand, want long-term contracts that justify their investment in marketing, staff, stock and after-sales services. However, […]
The Future of Criminal Liability in Autonomous AI Systems Introduction: When Machines “Act”, Who Is to Blame? Autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly making decisions that have serious real-world consequences: self-driving cars, medical diagnosis tools, trading algorithms, autonomous drones, and even semi-autonomous weapons. As these systems gain more autonomy, one fundamental question becomes unavoidable: […]
Global companies increasingly appoint foreign nationals as CEOs, CFOs, country managers or regional directors in their Turkish operations. These foreign executives usually negotiate more sophisticated compensation packages than standard employees: fixed salary, performance-based bonuses, long-term incentives, and, in many cases, stock options or other equity-linked instruments. Designing and documenting these salary, bonus and stock option […]
Enforcement of Foreign Court Judgments and Arbitral Awards in Turkey
How to Exit a Turkish Investment Safely: Selling Shares, Property and Companies Entering a market is exciting. Exiting, however, is where investors often lose money, time and legal protection – especially in a foreign jurisdiction. In Turkey, selling shares, real estate or even an entire company is perfectly feasible and investor-friendly if the exit is […]
What to Do If You Are Detained or Arrested in Turkey as a Foreigner Being detained or arrested in a foreign country can be frightening, especially if you do not know the language or the legal system. In Turkey, however, foreigners are protected by the same basic procedural rights as Turkish citizens under the Constitution […]
A well-planned Turkish trademark strategy turns your local registrations into a powerful business tool: supporting your market entry, controlling your distribution network, deterring imitators and increasing the overall value of your brand.