Basic Definitions, Scope and Equivalent Provisions under the Turkish Penal Code For Turkish Citizens Within the systematics of the Turkish Penal Code (TCK), “Crimes Against Bodily Integrity” refer to the most common types of crimes that protect a person’s physical integrity, physical health, and psychological balance. The issues most frequently searched by Turkish citizens under […]
Basic Definitions, Scope, and Legal Framework Crimes Against Life Under the Turkish Penal Code (For Turkish Citizens) Within the structure of the Turkish Penal Code (TPC), “Crimes Against Life” refer to the most serious types of criminal offenses that protect an individual’s most fundamental and inviolable right: the right to life. Among the issues most […]
Basic Definitions, Scope, and Legal Framework (For Turkish Citizens) International crimes are among the gravest offenses recognized under international law because they threaten not only the legal order of the country where they are committed but also the conscience of humanity, international peace, and global security. These crimes transcend national borders and are considered offenses […]
Arbitration – Definition and Concepts Arbitration is a process in which legal disputes are resolved not by state courts but by one or more arbitrators chosen by the parties to settle disputes concerning matters over which they are freely entitled to dispose, resulting in a final and binding decision (arbitral award). In the context of […]
Limited Partnership Divided into Shares – Concept and Characteristics A limited partnership divided into shares is, as defined in Article 563 of the Turkish Commercial Code, a type of commercial company in which the capital is divided into shares, and one or more of the partners are liable to the company’s creditors like partners in […]
Termination of Joint-Stock Companies (Dissolution and Grounds for Winding-Up) Joint-stock companies, under the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC), are capital companies with legal personality that are intended to operate on a continuous basis. However, like every legal entity, joint-stock companies may eventually come to an end. The process in which the company ceases its operations, liquidates […]
Shares in Joint Stock Companies In joint stock companies, “share” (stock) is the smallest divided unit of capital. In the systematic structure of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC), share is not only a “cash investment,” but also the legal basis for participation in the company’s existence, inclusion in its management, and benefiting from its profit. […]
General Amendments to the Articles of Association Although the articles of association of a joint-stock company reflect the founding will of the company at the moment of establishment, over time, due to the company’s growth, changing market conditions, updates in legal regulations, or transformations in the shareholder structure, it becomes necessary to revise the provisions […]
Auditing in Joint Stock Companies Auditing, in its broadest definition, is the process of independently and professionally examining, verifying, and reporting whether an institution’s activities, financial data, and managerial decisions comply with predetermined standards, legal regulations, the articles of association, and the principle of good faith. In the law of joint stock companies, auditing is […]
Powers of the General Assembly In joint-stock company law, the General Assembly is the supreme corporate body where shareholders come together to express their ultimate will regarding the company’s destiny, strategic direction, and fundamental existential matters. While the Board of Directors serves as the executive body responsible for the company’s day-to-day operations, the General Assembly […]