Board of Directors as a Corporate Organ Due to their legal personality, joint-stock companies cannot express their will directly; rather, they manifest this will through the organs defined by law. As the principal management and representation body of a joint-stock company, the Board of Directors is the sole organ through which corporate decisions are made, […]
Incorporation Procedures: Articles of Association, Incorporation Process, and Capital Contributions The incorporation of a joint stock company is a serious legal process governed by Articles 335 et seq. of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC), requiring strict compliance with a prescribed procedure. This process constitutes a chain of legal acts beginning with the preparation of the […]
General Principles and the Concept of Incorporation of Joint Stock Companies Within the systematic framework of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC), joint stock companies are regarded as the most developed and widely used type of capital company. As an indispensable component of the economic world, joint stock companies are legal structures that enable large amounts […]
Scope of Patent Protection In patent law, “scope of protection” is the fundamental reference point that determines the legal boundaries of a patented invention and which activities constitute infringement of patent rights. The scope of a patent is determined not by what the invention achieves in general terms, but by the technical definitions contained in […]
PATENTS AS SUBJECTS OF LEGAL TRANSACTIONS Protection of Inventions through Legal Exploitation Patent law is, by its nature, both a technical documentation discipline and one of the most dynamic branches of commercial law. The protection of an invention through patent registration effectively transforms its economic value into a legally recognized asset. Within the framework of […]
PATENT OWNERSHIP Protection of Inventions by Patents and Utility Model Certificates In industrial property law, the protection of inventions constitutes one of the fundamental pillars of technological development and social welfare. The protection of an invention means preventing its unauthorized use by third parties throughout the period from its conception as an idea to its […]
Patent Registration Patent registration is the process through which an idea or invention is transformed into a legally recognized asset. Under the Industrial Property Law (IPL) system, a patent is a registered right that protects the technical solution embodied in an invention and grants an exclusive monopoly right. The registration process is not merely about […]
Patent Law: Purpose, Function, and Place within Industrial Property LawPatent law is the most important legal basis for technological development, determining the competitive strength of modern economies. As a sub-branch of industrial property law, patent law is more than simply obtaining a “written document”; it is the mechanism that establishes the delicate balance between protecting […]
Who is a Consumer? Scope, Definitions and Protection PrinciplesConsumer law is one of the most dynamic and individual-oriented areas of the modern legal system. Almost every step we take in our daily lives—from buying a loaf of bread to taking out a bank loan, from ordering clothes online to signing a subscription contract—is actually a […]
SPECIAL GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE AND PROOF REQUIREMENTS The divorce system in Turkish family law is based on the principles of “fault” and “substitution.” The legislator has divided the grounds for divorce into two categories: general and special. The “Special Grounds for Divorce,” regulated in Articles 161 to 165 of the Turkish Civil Code, are absolute […]