Introduction Digital forensics in Turkish cybercrime cases is one of the most decisive areas of modern criminal litigation. Cybercrime files rarely depend only on witness statements or physical evidence. They often depend on mobile phone extractions, computer images, IP logs, cloud records, social media data, e-mail headers, bank transaction records, server logs, screenshots, metadata, deleted […]
Introduction Cyber extortion in Turkey is one of the most serious forms of digital crime. It usually occurs when a person uses online threats, private data, intimate images, hacked accounts, business secrets, personal information or digital access as pressure to obtain money, force the victim to do something, prevent the victim from doing something, or […]
THE CONCEPT OF FOUNDATIONS, ESTABLISHMENT REGIME, AND THE PROCESS OF ACQUIRING LEGAL PERSONALITY In Turkish law, while associations, one of the two fundamental pillars of civil society, are considered groups of individuals, foundations are independent collections of assets dedicated to a specific and permanent purpose. Foundations established by investors, families, or companies for the purpose […]
Turkish citizenship represents the political and legal bond between the individual and the State. The Turkish Citizenship Law No. 5901 (TVK) bases the establishment of this bond on two main pillars: Citizenship acquired by birth and citizenship acquired later. 1.1. Citizenship Acquired by Birth (Lineage and Place of Birth) The acquisition of Turkish citizenship by birth occurs automatically based on […]
Introduction Responding to a Turkish Competition Authority investigation requires immediate organization, legal precision and strategic discipline. A competition investigation in Turkey can affect a company’s documents, employees, pricing practices, distribution contracts, digital systems, internal communications, management decisions, merger transactions and reputation. The process may begin with an on-site inspection, an information request, a complaint, a […]
Introduction Judicial review of Turkish Competition Board decisions is a crucial part of Turkish competition law enforcement. The Turkish Competition Authority investigates restrictive agreements, cartels, abuse of dominance, merger control violations, resale price maintenance, digital market conduct, on-site inspection obstruction, information request violations and procedural infringements. At the end of these processes, the Turkish Competition […]
Introduction Competition law compliance is no longer a legal issue only for large corporations. Turkish startups, scaleups, SaaS companies, fintech businesses, gaming studios, healthtech ventures, e-commerce platforms, marketplaces, artificial intelligence companies, digital advertisers, app developers and technology investors must also understand Turkish Competition Law from the earliest stage of business growth. The main statute is […]
Introduction Excessive pricing under Turkish Competition Law is one of the most controversial forms of abuse of dominance. Competition law generally protects low prices, innovation, efficiency and consumer welfare. However, a dominant undertaking may sometimes use its market power not to exclude competitors, but to exploit customers directly by charging prices that are unreasonably high […]
Introduction Tying and bundling practices are among the most significant exclusionary conduct issues under Turkish Competition Law. These practices occur when an undertaking links the sale, use or commercial availability of one product or service to another product or service. In some cases, tying and bundling can be efficient and pro-consumer. They may reduce transaction […]
Introduction Margin squeeze cases under Turkish Competition Law are among the most technical forms of abuse of dominance. A margin squeeze may occur where a vertically integrated dominant undertaking controls an important upstream input and also competes in the downstream market. If the difference between the upstream price charged to competitors and the downstream price […]