Introduction Bank guarantees, letters of credit and escrow mechanisms are among the most important payment security tools used in Turkish international commercial transactions. In cross-border trade, construction, manufacturing, logistics, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, distribution, supply contracts and investment projects, parties often need more than a simple promise to pay. They need a legal and […]
Introduction Payment security is one of the most important issues in Turkish international commercial transactions. In cross-border trade, the commercial success of a transaction does not depend only on the quality of goods, delivery timing or price. It also depends on whether the seller can actually collect the price and whether the buyer can protect […]
Introduction Import and export regulations in Turkey are central to international trade, manufacturing, logistics, distribution, e-commerce, customs brokerage, supply chain management and cross-border commercial contracts. Turkey’s strategic location between Europe, Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus makes it a key jurisdiction for regional trade, transit operations, manufacturing supply chains and international logistics. […]
Introduction Foreign investment in Turkey is an important part of the country’s commercial, industrial and financial landscape. Due to its strategic location between Europe, Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus, Turkey is frequently used by international companies as a manufacturing base, logistics hub, regional headquarters, export platform and consumer market. Foreign investors […]
Introduction Agency agreements under Turkish commercial law are one of the most important legal tools used by foreign companies, Turkish manufacturers, exporters, importers, service providers, insurers, technology companies and commercial enterprises that want to expand sales without establishing a fully controlled branch or subsidiary. Through a commercial agency agreement, a principal authorizes an independent agent […]
Introduction Distribution agreements in Turkey are widely used by foreign manufacturers, exporters, suppliers, brand owners and trading companies that want to enter or expand in the Turkish market without establishing a full local subsidiary. Through a distribution agreement, a foreign supplier may appoint a Turkish distributor to purchase products, resell them in Turkey, develop customer […]
Introduction International sale of goods contracts in Turkey are among the most common legal instruments used in cross-border trade. Turkish exporters, foreign buyers, manufacturers, distributors, logistics companies, commodity traders, machinery suppliers, construction material providers and industrial purchasers regularly enter into international sales contracts involving Turkey. These contracts may appear straightforward at first glance: one party […]
Introduction Enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Turkey is one of the most important legal issues in international commercial arbitration. A party may win an arbitration in London, Paris, Geneva, Dubai, Singapore, Vienna or another arbitration seat, but if the losing party’s assets are located in Turkey, the award must be made enforceable before Turkish […]
Introduction Recognition and enforcement of foreign court judgments in Turkey is a crucial legal mechanism for individuals, companies, investors, creditors and international businesses that have obtained a judgment abroad but need that judgment to have legal effect in Turkey. A foreign judgment may order payment of money, transfer of assets, performance of contractual obligations, compensation […]
Introduction International arbitration in Turkey has become an increasingly important dispute resolution mechanism for foreign investors, Turkish companies, exporters, importers, contractors, distributors, technology providers, energy companies, infrastructure investors and multinational groups doing business in or with Turkey. In international commerce, parties often prefer arbitration because it offers neutrality, confidentiality, procedural flexibility, technical expertise and a […]