Legal Remedies Against Unlawful Marketplace Store Suspension and Termination Under Turkish Law For many online sellers, losing access to a marketplace account is no longer a minor operational problem. A business may generate 70%, 80% or even 100% of its turnover through platforms such as Trendyol, Hepsiburada, Amazon, N11, ÇiçekSepeti or another electronic marketplace. If […]
A Practical Legal Guide to the Civil, Consumer and Regulatory Liability of Medical Tourism Agencies in Turkey A foreign patient sees an advertisement on Instagram offering a “complete cosmetic surgery package in Istanbul.” The patient contacts the company through WhatsApp. The company recommends a surgeon, arranges the hospital, collects payment, organizes the hotel and airport […]
One of the most serious disputes inside a privately held company begins with a simple discovery. The company should have money. The bank account says otherwise. When the accounting records are examined, substantial amounts appear to have been transferred to another company controlled by the majority shareholder, a director, a family member or a business […]
A Turkish company owns a valuable shareholding in another business. The investment has a fair market value of approximately TRY 100 million. The company’s manager or board of directors subsequently sells that stake for TRY 25 million. The buyer may be an independent investor, another shareholder, a related company, a family member of the manager […]
Being a shareholder in a limited liability company does not mean that a person must remain trapped in the company indefinitely. This becomes particularly important in closely held Turkish limited companies where one shareholder controls management, bank accounts, accounting records and day-to-day operations while the minority shareholder gradually becomes excluded from the business. Typical complaints […]
Construction project finance is fundamentally different from ordinary corporate lending. In a conventional corporate loan, the lender primarily relies on the borrower’s overall balance sheet, operating history and general creditworthiness. In a construction project, however, repayment may depend substantially on an asset that has not yet been completed and cash flows that have not yet […]
Construction projects are particularly vulnerable to economic volatility. A contract may be commercially reasonable when signed but become dramatically more expensive months later because of inflation, exchange-rate movements, increases in steel or cement prices, energy costs, labour expenses, imported equipment prices, taxation, financing costs or supply-chain disruption. This creates one of the most difficult questions […]
Bank guarantees are among the most powerful risk-allocation instruments used in Turkish construction projects. A contractor may spend years performing a major infrastructure, residential, industrial or energy project while simultaneously maintaining several bank guarantees in favour of the employer. These guarantees may secure advance payments, contractual performance, completion obligations, defects during the warranty period or […]
Construction defects do not always appear when a project is handed over. A newly completed apartment may look perfect during inspection. Months later, water may begin penetrating through the roof. Structural cracks may emerge after seasonal movement. Waterproofing defects may appear only after heavy rainfall. Underground drainage may fail after prolonged use. Insulation problems, defective […]
Time is often one of the most valuable elements of a construction project. A shopping centre that opens six months late may lose an entire commercial season. A hotel delivered after the beginning of the tourism period may suffer substantial revenue losses. An industrial facility that cannot commence production on schedule may expose the employer […]