Construction projects are particularly vulnerable to economic volatility. A contract may be commercially reasonable when signed but become dramatically more expensive months later because of inflation, exchange-rate movements, increases in steel or cement prices, energy costs, labour expenses, imported equipment prices, taxation, financing costs or supply-chain disruption. This creates one of the most difficult questions […]
Construction projects involve a fundamental credit risk: the employer may make substantial financial commitments long before the contractor has fully completed its obligations. A contractor may abandon the project, fail to complete the works on time, become insolvent, refuse to remedy defects or commit another material breach. Even where the employer ultimately has a strong […]
Construction defects do not always appear when a project is handed over. A newly completed apartment may look perfect during inspection. Months later, water may begin penetrating through the roof. Structural cracks may emerge after seasonal movement. Waterproofing defects may appear only after heavy rainfall. Underground drainage may fail after prolonged use. Insulation problems, defective […]
Web Tapu and Online Property Transactions in Turkey: Legal Convenience and Hidden Risks Introduction Digitalisation has significantly changed the way real estate transactions are initiated and managed in Turkey. The Turkish General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre (Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü – TKGM) operates Web Tapu, an electronic platform through which property owners […]
Plan Amendments in Turkey: Legal Risks of Buying Property Based on Future Zoning Changes Introduction Some of the most financially significant real estate investments in Turkey are made not because of what a property is today, but because of what a buyer is told it will become tomorrow. A buyer may be told: These statements […]
Turkey’s real estate investment route remains one of the most prominent pathways through which foreign investors may apply for Turkish citizenship. However, buying a property worth USD 400,000 does not, by itself, guarantee that the investment will qualify for citizenship. The process involves two legally distinct issues. First, the foreign investor must be legally entitled […]
Short-term residential rentals have become an increasingly important part of the Turkish real estate market. Apartments in Istanbul, Antalya, Bodrum, Fethiye, İzmir and other tourism-oriented locations may generate significantly different returns when rented for days or weeks rather than under traditional long-term residential leases. However, Turkish law no longer treats this activity as an ordinary […]
Pre-Paid Housing Sales in Turkey: Delivery Deadlines, Penalties, and Consumer Remedies Introduction Buying a property before construction is completed is common in the Turkish real estate market. Consumers may purchase apartments directly from developers at the planning or construction stage and pay all or part of the purchase price before receiving possession or title. This […]
Real estate due diligence in Turkey has traditionally required lawyers, investors, developers and technical advisers to obtain information from multiple public authorities. A buyer interested in a parcel might need to visit the relevant municipality, examine printed zoning maps, obtain copies of council decisions, review plan notes, investigate the land registry and separately verify whether […]
Real estate disputes in Turkey rarely involve only one legal question. A conflict that begins with a simple disagreement over a property sale may quickly involve title deed law, contractual liability, defects in the property, zoning regulations, consumer protection, fraud allegations, co-ownership, construction law, administrative proceedings or enforcement measures. For buyers, the problem may be […]