Introduction Responding to a Turkish Competition Authority investigation requires immediate organization, legal precision and strategic discipline. A competition investigation in Turkey can affect a company’s documents, employees, pricing practices, distribution contracts, digital systems, internal communications, management decisions, merger transactions and reputation. The process may begin with an on-site inspection, an information request, a complaint, a […]
Introduction Competition law compliance is no longer a legal issue only for large corporations. Turkish startups, scaleups, SaaS companies, fintech businesses, gaming studios, healthtech ventures, e-commerce platforms, marketplaces, artificial intelligence companies, digital advertisers, app developers and technology investors must also understand Turkish Competition Law from the earliest stage of business growth. The main statute is […]
Introduction Data has become one of the most valuable competitive assets in modern markets. Businesses use data to understand customers, improve products, personalize services, optimize prices, detect fraud, target advertising, manage logistics, evaluate demand, train algorithms and design digital platforms. In Turkey, data-driven business models are now central to e-commerce, online advertising, fintech, digital platforms, […]
Introduction Margin squeeze cases under Turkish Competition Law are among the most technical forms of abuse of dominance. A margin squeeze may occur where a vertically integrated dominant undertaking controls an important upstream input and also competes in the downstream market. If the difference between the upstream price charged to competitors and the downstream price […]
Introduction Refusal to supply and the essential facilities doctrine are among the most complex topics in Turkish Competition Law. They sit at the intersection of two fundamental principles: the freedom of an undertaking to choose its trading partners, and the duty of a dominant undertaking not to use its market power to exclude competitors or […]
Introduction Predatory pricing under Turkish Competition Law is one of the most complex forms of abuse of dominance. It concerns situations where a dominant undertaking deliberately sets prices below an economically meaningful cost benchmark in order to exclude, discipline or weaken competitors, prevent market entry, or preserve and increase market power. The difficulty is that […]
Introduction Abuse of economic dependence and platform power in Turkey has become one of the most important legal topics for digital marketplaces, e-commerce platforms, app stores, online advertising businesses, delivery platforms, travel platforms, payment systems, software ecosystems, business users and foreign technology companies operating in the Turkish market. The rise of digital platforms has changed […]
Introduction Hub-and-spoke cartels are one of the most complex and increasingly important issues under Turkish Competition Law. Unlike traditional cartels, where competitors communicate directly with each other, hub-and-spoke arrangements involve indirect coordination through a common intermediary. This intermediary may be a supplier, retailer, distributor, platform, trade association, consultant, data provider, marketplace operator or another undertaking […]
Introduction Competition law risks in Turkish labor markets have become one of the most important compliance issues for employers, HR departments, recruiters, franchise networks, outsourcing companies, technology firms, private schools, hospitals, pharmaceutical companies and multinational groups operating in Turkey. Traditionally, competition law was mostly associated with product markets: price fixing, market sharing, bid rigging, resale […]
Introduction Online sales restrictions have become one of the most important issues under Turkish Competition Law. As e-commerce, online marketplaces, search advertising, platform sales and direct-to-consumer websites have grown rapidly in Turkey, suppliers have increasingly tried to control how their distributors, dealers, franchisees and authorized resellers sell products online. These restrictions may be motivated by […]