Introduction Selective distribution systems are widely used in Turkey by suppliers of luxury goods, cosmetics, consumer electronics, medical devices, high-quality household appliances, fashion products, automotive products, technical equipment, software-based products and branded consumer goods. In a selective distribution system, a supplier sells its products only to distributors selected according to specific criteria, and those distributors […]
Introduction Most-Favored-Nation clauses, also known as MFN clauses, most-favored-customer clauses or parity clauses, are increasingly important under Turkish Competition Law. These clauses are widely used in online marketplaces, hotel booking platforms, food delivery platforms, insurance platforms, app stores, digital advertising markets, distribution agreements, supply contracts, franchise systems and B2B commercial relationships. An MFN clause generally […]
Introduction Algorithmic pricing has become one of the most important competition law issues in digital markets. Online marketplaces, e-commerce retailers, airlines, hotel platforms, food delivery applications, ride-hailing services, software companies, financial technology platforms and digital advertisers increasingly use algorithms to monitor competitors, update prices, personalize offers, manage inventory, optimize commissions and respond instantly to market […]
Introduction The Turkish automotive industry is one of the most important and competition-sensitive sectors in Turkey. It includes passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, heavy vehicles, motorcycles, spare parts, repair and maintenance services, authorized dealers, independent repairers, distributors, importers, fleet companies, leasing companies, used car platforms, online listing services, insurance-related repair networks and public procurement processes. […]
Introduction Technology undertakings have become one of the most important focus areas of Turkish merger control. Digital platforms, software companies, fintech businesses, gaming studios, biotechnology companies, health technologies, data-driven services and online marketplaces may grow quickly, collect valuable data, create network effects and become strategically important even before they generate high turnover. For this reason, […]
Introduction Foreign companies entering or operating in Turkey face a dynamic and increasingly active competition law environment. Turkey is an important market for international investors because of its strategic location, large consumer base, manufacturing capacity, logistics advantages, digital growth and access to regional markets. However, these commercial opportunities also bring significant regulatory responsibilities. One of […]
Introduction Public tenders are one of the most sensitive areas of Turkish Competition Law. Public procurement processes are designed to ensure transparency, equal treatment, efficient use of public resources and genuine competition between bidders. When companies coordinate their bids instead of competing independently, the procurement system is distorted, public institutions may pay inflated prices, efficient […]
Introduction Trade associations play an important role in commercial life in Turkey. They may represent industry interests, prepare technical standards, organize conferences, provide training, support public policy discussions, collect sectoral data, issue reports, promote best practices and create communication channels between market participants. In many sectors, trade associations contribute positively to market development and regulatory […]
Introduction Information exchange between competitors is one of the most sensitive issues under Turkish Competition Law. In modern markets, companies constantly collect, analyze and share information. Some information sharing may be lawful and even beneficial. It may improve market transparency, support benchmarking, help industry research, improve efficiency, reduce information asymmetry and allow undertakings to make […]
Introduction Franchise agreements are widely used in Turkey by restaurant chains, retail brands, fitness centers, education businesses, coffee shops, beauty and cosmetics brands, service providers, technology businesses and international companies entering the Turkish market. A franchise model allows the franchisor to expand its business through independent operators while maintaining a uniform brand identity, business method, […]