orture Crime: Scope, Legal Framework and Legal Remedies for Turkish Citizens Torture is recognized in international law and within the framework of the Turkish Penal Code as one of the most serious, disgraceful, and absolutely unacceptable types of crimes committed against humanity. This act does not only target an individual’s physical integrity but directly violates […]
Basic Definitions, Scope, and Legal Framework Crimes Against Life Under the Turkish Penal Code (For Turkish Citizens) Within the structure of the Turkish Penal Code (TPC), “Crimes Against Life” refer to the most serious types of criminal offenses that protect an individual’s most fundamental and inviolable right: the right to life. Among the issues most […]
International arbitration is based on party autonomy and the parties’ decision to have their dispute determined by private adjudicators rather than state courts. Nevertheless, arbitration does not operate entirely outside the national judicial system. Courts perform essential supportive, protective and supervisory functions throughout the arbitration process. They may give effect to the arbitration agreement, prevent […]
Investment arbitration and the protection of foreign investors in Turkey are important considerations for multinational companies, private equity funds, infrastructure developers, energy companies, financial institutions and individuals planning substantial investments connected with the Turkish market. Foreign investments may take many forms. An investor may establish a Turkish company, acquire shares in an existing business, finance […]
International Sales Contracts and Arbitration Proceedings in Turkey International sales contracts are essential to Turkey’s commercial relationships with Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa and the Americas. Turkish manufacturers, exporters, importers, distributors and trading companies regularly enter into agreements involving cross-border deliveries, foreign-currency payments, international transport, customs procedures and documentary payment mechanisms. Although many international […]
How to Draft an Enforceable International Arbitration Clause in Turkey An international arbitration clause is often one of the shortest provisions in a commercial contract. Nevertheless, it may become one of the most important provisions when a dispute arises. A properly drafted arbitration clause can provide the parties with a neutral, specialised and internationally enforceable […]
International Arbitration in Turkey: Legal Framework, Procedure and Enforcement International arbitration in Turkey has become an increasingly important dispute resolution mechanism for foreign investors, multinational companies, exporters, contractors, financial institutions and businesses engaged in cross-border transactions. Turkey’s geographical position between Europe, Asia, the Middle East and the Caucasus, combined with its diversified economy and extensive […]
Introduction Understanding Greece Golden Visa fraud and legal risks is essential before paying a reservation deposit, signing a property contract or transferring investment funds. The Greek Golden Visa is a legitimate residence-by-investment program regulated by Greek immigration law. However, the existence of an official program does not mean that every property, developer, estate agent, investment […]
Introduction The rejection of a Greece Golden Visa application can create serious legal, financial and immigration consequences for a foreign investor. A refusal may affect not only the principal applicant but also a spouse, children and parents whose residence applications depend on the investor’s status. A Golden Visa rejection does not necessarily mean that the […]
Introduction The Greece Golden Visa Airbnb ban is one of the most important restrictions introduced under the revised Greek residence-by-investment framework. Foreign investors frequently purchase Greek real estate not only to obtain a residence permit but also to generate rental income. Before the 2024 reforms, many Golden Visa investment projects were marketed with projected income […]