What Happens When a USD 100 Million Aircraft Lands in Turkey? Assume that a Turkish airline purchases an Airbus A321neo or Boeing 737 MAX abroad. The aircraft departs from Toulouse, Seattle, or another delivery location and lands in Istanbul. What happens legally when the aircraft arrives in Turkey? Importing an aircraft worth USD 80 million, […]
1. Introduction Especially during the summer months, passengers travelling from busy airports such as Istanbul, Antalya, Izmir, Bodrum and Dalaman may encounter an interesting situation: the ticket has been purchased from one airline, yet the aircraft may carry the livery of another airline, the pilots and cabin crew may wear different uniforms, and the aircraft […]
Introduction International business is increasingly conducted without paper, physical meetings or handwritten signatures. A supplier in Türkiye may negotiate a distribution agreement with a German company entirely by email. A software provider in the United States may conclude thousands of contracts each day through an “I Agree” button. A company director may approve a commercial […]
International Distribution and Franchise Agreements: Legal Risks for Businesses Expanding Abroad International expansion often begins with a deceptively simple commercial idea: Find a local partner and let that partner sell the brand in the new market. The legal reality is considerably more complicated. A company entering a foreign country through a distributor, dealer, franchisee, master […]
Introduction Cross-border e-commerce has transformed an ordinary consumer purchase into a potentially international legal transaction. A consumer living in Türkiye may purchase a mobile phone from a German seller through Amazon, handmade jewellery from a Canadian merchant through Etsy, electronic equipment from a Chinese trader through Temu, or a second-hand product from a seller located […]
Sanctions Clauses, Force Majeure, Illegality, Banking Restrictions, Currency Risks, Russia-Related Measures and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards Economic sanctions have become one of the most significant sources of legal risk in international commercial transactions. A contract may be perfectly lawful when signed and commercially viable when performance begins, yet become extraordinarily difficult—or legally impossible—to perform after […]
Introduction International energy transactions have traditionally been associated with complex issues of pricing, transportation, financing, political risk and long-term supply security. Today, however, another legal consideration has become equally important: international sanctions and export controls. A transaction involving crude oil, natural gas, LNG, drilling equipment, turbines, compressors or energy-sector software may appear commercially straightforward while […]
A Legal Guide to Cross-Border Petroleum and Natural Gas Transactions in the Turkish Energy Market Turkey occupies a strategically significant position between major oil and natural gas producing regions in the Middle East, the Caspian Basin, Russia and Central Asia on the one hand, and major European energy-consuming markets on the other. Its geographical position, […]
Foreign Investment in Türkiye’s Energy and Mining Sectors: Licensing, Regulatory Approvals and Investor Protection Türkiye occupies a strategically important position between Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean. Its growing electricity market, substantial renewable energy potential, mineral resources, developing natural gas infrastructure and proximity to major energy corridors continue to make the […]
The Offense of Abandonment Under Turkish Criminal Law One of the special endangerment offenses that has existed in the Turkish criminal justice system since the former Turkish Criminal Code No. 765 and is intended to protect an individual’s life, health, and bodily integrity is the offense of abandonment. Under the current Turkish Criminal Code No. […]