Introduction Refusal to supply and the essential facilities doctrine are among the most complex topics in Turkish Competition Law. They sit at the intersection of two fundamental principles: the freedom of an undertaking to choose its trading partners, and the duty of a dominant undertaking not to use its market power to exclude competitors or […]
Introduction Predatory pricing under Turkish Competition Law is one of the most complex forms of abuse of dominance. It concerns situations where a dominant undertaking deliberately sets prices below an economically meaningful cost benchmark in order to exclude, discipline or weaken competitors, prevent market entry, or preserve and increase market power. The difficulty is that […]
Introduction Abuse of economic dependence and platform power in Turkey has become one of the most important legal topics for digital marketplaces, e-commerce platforms, app stores, online advertising businesses, delivery platforms, travel platforms, payment systems, software ecosystems, business users and foreign technology companies operating in the Turkish market. The rise of digital platforms has changed […]
Introduction Hub-and-spoke cartels are one of the most complex and increasingly important issues under Turkish Competition Law. Unlike traditional cartels, where competitors communicate directly with each other, hub-and-spoke arrangements involve indirect coordination through a common intermediary. This intermediary may be a supplier, retailer, distributor, platform, trade association, consultant, data provider, marketplace operator or another undertaking […]
Introduction Competition law risks in Turkish labor markets have become one of the most important compliance issues for employers, HR departments, recruiters, franchise networks, outsourcing companies, technology firms, private schools, hospitals, pharmaceutical companies and multinational groups operating in Turkey. Traditionally, competition law was mostly associated with product markets: price fixing, market sharing, bid rigging, resale […]
Introduction Online sales restrictions have become one of the most important issues under Turkish Competition Law. As e-commerce, online marketplaces, search advertising, platform sales and direct-to-consumer websites have grown rapidly in Turkey, suppliers have increasingly tried to control how their distributors, dealers, franchisees and authorized resellers sell products online. These restrictions may be motivated by […]
Introduction Selective distribution systems are widely used in Turkey by suppliers of luxury goods, cosmetics, consumer electronics, medical devices, high-quality household appliances, fashion products, automotive products, technical equipment, software-based products and branded consumer goods. In a selective distribution system, a supplier sells its products only to distributors selected according to specific criteria, and those distributors […]
Introduction Most-Favored-Nation clauses, also known as MFN clauses, most-favored-customer clauses or parity clauses, are increasingly important under Turkish Competition Law. These clauses are widely used in online marketplaces, hotel booking platforms, food delivery platforms, insurance platforms, app stores, digital advertising markets, distribution agreements, supply contracts, franchise systems and B2B commercial relationships. An MFN clause generally […]
Introduction Algorithmic pricing has become one of the most important competition law issues in digital markets. Online marketplaces, e-commerce retailers, airlines, hotel platforms, food delivery applications, ride-hailing services, software companies, financial technology platforms and digital advertisers increasingly use algorithms to monitor competitors, update prices, personalize offers, manage inventory, optimize commissions and respond instantly to market […]
Introduction The Turkish automotive industry is one of the most important and competition-sensitive sectors in Turkey. It includes passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, heavy vehicles, motorcycles, spare parts, repair and maintenance services, authorized dealers, independent repairers, distributors, importers, fleet companies, leasing companies, used car platforms, online listing services, insurance-related repair networks and public procurement processes. […]