Introduction The pharmaceutical and healthcare sector is one of the most sensitive areas of Turkish Competition Law. Medicines, medical devices, hospitals, private healthcare institutions, laboratories, pharmacies, health insurance companies, digital health platforms and medical technology businesses operate in markets where competition directly affects prices, access, quality, innovation and patient welfare. Unlike ordinary commercial markets, the […]
Introduction Technology undertakings have become one of the most important focus areas of Turkish merger control. Digital platforms, software companies, fintech businesses, gaming studios, biotechnology companies, health technologies, data-driven services and online marketplaces may grow quickly, collect valuable data, create network effects and become strategically important even before they generate high turnover. For this reason, […]
Introduction Foreign companies entering or operating in Turkey face a dynamic and increasingly active competition law environment. Turkey is an important market for international investors because of its strategic location, large consumer base, manufacturing capacity, logistics advantages, digital growth and access to regional markets. However, these commercial opportunities also bring significant regulatory responsibilities. One of […]
Introduction Public tenders are one of the most sensitive areas of Turkish Competition Law. Public procurement processes are designed to ensure transparency, equal treatment, efficient use of public resources and genuine competition between bidders. When companies coordinate their bids instead of competing independently, the procurement system is distorted, public institutions may pay inflated prices, efficient […]
Introduction Trade associations play an important role in commercial life in Turkey. They may represent industry interests, prepare technical standards, organize conferences, provide training, support public policy discussions, collect sectoral data, issue reports, promote best practices and create communication channels between market participants. In many sectors, trade associations contribute positively to market development and regulatory […]
Introduction Information exchange between competitors is one of the most sensitive issues under Turkish Competition Law. In modern markets, companies constantly collect, analyze and share information. Some information sharing may be lawful and even beneficial. It may improve market transparency, support benchmarking, help industry research, improve efficiency, reduce information asymmetry and allow undertakings to make […]
Introduction Franchise agreements are widely used in Turkey by restaurant chains, retail brands, fitness centers, education businesses, coffee shops, beauty and cosmetics brands, service providers, technology businesses and international companies entering the Turkish market. A franchise model allows the franchisor to expand its business through independent operators while maintaining a uniform brand identity, business method, […]
Introduction Exclusive distribution agreements are widely used in Turkey by manufacturers, suppliers, importers, wholesalers, franchisors, technology companies, luxury brands, pharmaceutical companies, consumer goods producers and foreign investors entering the Turkish market. These agreements allow a supplier to appoint one distributor for a specific territory, customer group, product line or channel. In return, the distributor often […]
Introduction Digital platforms have become one of the most important areas of Turkish Competition Law. Online marketplaces, search engines, app stores, social media networks, online advertising platforms, food delivery applications, payment systems, travel platforms, streaming services, software ecosystems and e-commerce infrastructures now shape how businesses reach customers and how consumers access goods and services. These […]
Introduction E-commerce and online marketplaces have become central to commercial life in Turkey. Online platforms now connect sellers, consumers, payment service providers, logistics companies, advertisers, software developers and data-driven business models. This digital transformation has created major commercial opportunities, but it has also increased competition law risks for online marketplaces, e-commerce retailers, brands, distributors, technology […]