Cap Table Hygiene in Turkey from a VC’s Perspective: Which Structures Drive Investors Crazy? When we talk about cap table hygiene in Turkey from a VC’s perspective, we are really talking about one simple question: can an investor clearly understand who owns what, on what terms, and with which future dilution risks? For foreign founders […]
1) The Big Picture: Residence versus Work Authorization Think of your status in Türkiye as two layered permissions: A work permit usually serves two functions at once: it authorizes the specific work relationship and functions as a residence permit for the same period. That is why foreign shareholders who will actively manage the business should […]
1) Introduction: Why this guide matters for foreign employees Foreign employees—whether they are skilled professionals, blue-collar workers, seafarers, or site technicians—form a critical part of Turkey’s workforce. When a work accident occurs, they face two parallel challenges: (i) navigating Turkey’s social security and occupational safety framework, and (ii) overcoming language and immigration barriers that can […]
INTRODUCTION Turkish Citizenship by Bank Deposit: Eligibility, CBRT Conversion, and the 3-Year Lock is an exceptional pathway under Turkish law that allows qualified investors to obtain citizenship by committing funds to a Turkish bank subject to strict currency-conversion and holding requirements. In practice, success depends on meeting the statutory threshold, converting foreign currency through the […]
INTRODUCTION Citizenship rights of work permit holders in Turkey are an important legal topic for foreign nationals residing and working in the country. Many foreigners begin their life in Turkey with a short-term or long-term work permit, and over time they become eligible to apply for Turkish citizenship if they meet the conditions set forth […]
19) Model Clause Snippets (Plain English → Turkish Law Ready) Hardship (TCO 138-aligned):“The Parties acknowledge that extraordinary, unforeseeable events that fundamentally disturb the contractual equilibrium may entitle the affected party to seek adaptation in good faith. Failing agreement within 30 days of a written request, the affected party may apply to court for adaptation or […]
) Legal Framework & Authorities Practical note: Numeric thresholds (e.g., minimum capital, independent audit limits) are periodically revised by decrees and board decisions. Confirm the latest figures before filing. 2) Common Legal Forms & Governance Architecture (a) Limited Liability Company (Limited Şirket – “Ltd. Şti.”) (b) Joint Stock Company (Anonim Şirket – “A.Ş.”) (c) Alternatives […]
Introduction As countries seek to secure energy supply and reduce carbon emissions, nuclear energy is once again gaining attention worldwide. Turkey is following this trend with major investments such as the Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant. However, unlike other energy sources, nuclear energy projects require a more rigorous legal and administrative framework. Two of the most critical […]
Maritime transport and logistics, the backbone of global trade, involve complex processes such as the shipment of large volumes of goods, customs transitions, delays, and cargo damage. Disputes arising from these processes are often resolved through arbitration, which is a preferred method due to its flexibility and expertise. Additionally, marine insurance, which secures the cargo during transit, […]
Introduction One of the most groundbreaking developments in modern biotechnology is the advent of CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology. This technique allows for precise, rapid, and cost-effective modification of genetic material in living organisms, unlocking transformative possibilities in areas such as rare genetic diseases, cancer treatments, and agricultural biotechnology. However, the commercialization and clinical use of CRISPR technology have also triggered patent disputes, debates over […]