1. Legal Framework Applicable to Foreign-Flag Vessels 1.1 Key pieces of Turkish legislation Foreign-flag vessels trading to Turkey must be analysed primarily against four domestic pillars: These rules apply regardless of the flag or chosen contract law. Even where the bill of lading is subject to English law and London arbitration, mandatory Turkish provisions can […]
1. Legal Nature of a Branch Office in Turkey 1.1. Branch vs. Company: Not a Separate Legal Entity Under Turkish law, a branch is an extension of a foreign company operating in Turkey, but not a separate legal entity. It has: However, the foreign company remains fully liable for the branch’s obligations. The branch does […]
1. Legal Framework for Foreign Investment in Turkey Before choosing a specific sector, investors need a basic understanding of the general legal regime governing foreign direct investment (FDI) in Turkey. 1.1 Non-discrimination and freedom of investment Foreign investment in Turkey is primarily regulated by the Foreign Direct Investment Law No. 4875 and its secondary legislation. […]
1. Domestic Legal Foundations for the Protection of Foreign Investments 1.1. Principle of national treatment and freedom of investment Under Turkey’s foreign investment regime, foreign investors are in principle treated no less favourably than domestic investors. Foreign investors can establish companies, acquire shares, participate in joint ventures and enter into public–private partnership (PPP) structures subject […]
Introduction Over the last two decades, Turkey has become a regional magnet for large-scale industrial, energy, infrastructure, and technology investments. Its strategic position between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, combined with a growing domestic market of over 85 million people, provides fertile ground for both local and foreign investors seeking long-term opportunities. The Turkish […]
1. Why Mega and Mixed-Use Projects Matter in Turkey Turkey’s big cities have moved from small, stand-alone apartment blocks to integrated mega projects that combine housing, retail, offices, hotels and social facilities in one coordinated scheme. These developments often include: For investors, mega real estate and mixed-use projects in Turkey offer: At the same time, […]
1. Why the Choice of Company Type Matters for Foreign Investors Many foreign investors initially believe that company type is a purely “formal” question. In practice, the choice between a limited or joint stock company in Turkey affects at least five critical areas: Looking only at initial incorporation cost can be misleading. The real impact […]
1. Introduction: Why Choice of Law and Jurisdiction Clauses Matter in Turkey Cross-border business with Turkish companies is no longer an exception; it is the norm. Foreign investors routinely sign distribution, agency, franchise, share purchase, supply, construction and service contracts with Turkish counterparties. When a dispute arises, two deceptively simple questions suddenly become crucial: If […]
1. Why buy company shares in Turkey? Acquiring shares in an existing Turkish company (rather than establishing a new entity) is often chosen because: On the other hand, the buyer also takes over the history and hidden risks of the company: tax exposures, social security debts, litigation, regulatory non-compliance, and even criminal risks in some […]