Introduction Data has become one of the most valuable competitive assets in modern markets. Businesses use data to understand customers, improve products, personalize services, optimize prices, detect fraud, target advertising, manage logistics, evaluate demand, train algorithms and design digital platforms. In Turkey, data-driven business models are now central to e-commerce, online advertising, fintech, digital platforms, […]
Introduction Tying and bundling practices are among the most significant exclusionary conduct issues under Turkish Competition Law. These practices occur when an undertaking links the sale, use or commercial availability of one product or service to another product or service. In some cases, tying and bundling can be efficient and pro-consumer. They may reduce transaction […]
Introduction Margin squeeze cases under Turkish Competition Law are among the most technical forms of abuse of dominance. A margin squeeze may occur where a vertically integrated dominant undertaking controls an important upstream input and also competes in the downstream market. If the difference between the upstream price charged to competitors and the downstream price […]
Introduction Selective distribution systems are widely used in Turkey by suppliers of luxury goods, cosmetics, consumer electronics, medical devices, high-quality household appliances, fashion products, automotive products, technical equipment, software-based products and branded consumer goods. In a selective distribution system, a supplier sells its products only to distributors selected according to specific criteria, and those distributors […]
Introduction Algorithmic pricing has become one of the most important competition law issues in digital markets. Online marketplaces, e-commerce retailers, airlines, hotel platforms, food delivery applications, ride-hailing services, software companies, financial technology platforms and digital advertisers increasingly use algorithms to monitor competitors, update prices, personalize offers, manage inventory, optimize commissions and respond instantly to market […]
Introduction Private damages claims in Turkish Competition Law are an increasingly important legal remedy for businesses, consumers, competitors, distributors, suppliers and other market participants harmed by anti-competitive conduct. While public enforcement by the Turkish Competition Authority plays the central role in investigating cartels, abuse of dominance and restrictive agreements, private enforcement allows injured parties to […]
Introduction Letters of credit are among the most important instruments used in international trade finance in Turkey. Turkish exporters, importers, banks, logistics companies, commodity traders, manufacturers and foreign commercial partners frequently rely on letters of credit to reduce payment risk and documentary risk in cross-border sales. A letter of credit allows a seller to receive […]
Introduction Enforcement of foreign loan agreements in Turkey is a critical issue for foreign banks, international lenders, private credit funds, export credit agencies, development finance institutions, corporate lenders, shareholders and investors financing Turkish borrowers. A foreign loan agreement may be carefully drafted under English law, New York law, Swiss law or another foreign legal system, […]
Introduction Merchant acquiring in Turkey is a central component of the digital payments ecosystem. Every time a customer pays a merchant by card through a physical POS terminal, virtual POS infrastructure, mobile POS solution, online checkout page, QR payment interface or marketplace payment flow, there is usually an acquiring relationship behind the transaction. The acquiring […]
Introduction Open banking in Turkey is one of the most important legal and technological developments transforming the Turkish financial sector. Traditional banking was historically based on a closed model: banks collected and stored customer data, and customers accessed financial services mainly through the bank’s own branches, internet banking platforms, mobile applications and call centers. Open […]