Bank guarantees are among the most powerful risk-allocation instruments used in Turkish construction projects. A contractor may spend years performing a major infrastructure, residential, industrial or energy project while simultaneously maintaining several bank guarantees in favour of the employer. These guarantees may secure advance payments, contractual performance, completion obligations, defects during the warranty period or […]
Construction Insurance in Turkey: Contractor, Investor and Project Risk Protection Introduction Construction projects combine some of the largest financial risks in the real estate and infrastructure sectors. A single project may be exposed to fire, flooding, collapse, defective workmanship, damage to neighbouring buildings, employee accidents, design errors, theft of equipment, contractor insolvency, natural disasters and […]
Real estate buyers frequently assume that once they have obtained a title deed, the exact location, boundaries and surface area of the property are beyond dispute. In practice, this assumption can be dangerous. A Turkish title deed may correctly identify the registered owner while a technical issue still exists concerning: Turkish property law therefore requires […]
Pre-Paid Housing Sales in Turkey: Delivery Deadlines, Penalties, and Consumer Remedies Introduction Buying a property before construction is completed is common in the Turkish real estate market. Consumers may purchase apartments directly from developers at the planning or construction stage and pay all or part of the purchase price before receiving possession or title. This […]
Buying an off-plan property means purchasing something that may exist only on architectural drawings, promotional brochures, computer-generated images, model apartments or promises made by the developer. This makes trust particularly important. A buyer may agree to purchase an apartment because it is advertised as having a certain size, view, balcony, floor plan, ceiling height, parking […]
Introduction Following a major aircraft accident, attention normally focuses first on the airline. However, an aircraft accident is not necessarily caused exclusively by pilot error, adverse weather or operational negligence. A defective aircraft design, manufacturing irregularity, faulty component, software problem, engine failure or inadequate warning by the manufacturer may cause the accident or materially increase […]
When Buying a Private Jet, the First Question Should Not Be “Which Aircraft?” but “Who Will Own It?” When an entrepreneur, investor or corporation decides to acquire a Gulfstream, Bombardier Global, Dassault Falcon, Embraer Praetor or another business jet, the first considerations usually appear to be range, cabin size, operating performance and acquisition price. From […]
Seller, Buyer, Carrier and Insurer Liability in Cross-Border Trade and the Role of Incoterms® International trade depends upon the physical movement of goods across borders. A Turkish manufacturer may sell machinery to Germany. A European distributor may purchase electronic components from China. A company in Istanbul may import industrial equipment from the United States, while […]
Introduction Cross-border e-commerce has transformed an ordinary consumer purchase into a potentially international legal transaction. A consumer living in Türkiye may purchase a mobile phone from a German seller through Amazon, handmade jewellery from a Canadian merchant through Etsy, electronic equipment from a Chinese trader through Temu, or a second-hand product from a seller located […]
Bilateral Investment Treaties, Indirect Expropriation, Legitimate Expectations and the State’s Right to Regulate Foreign investment frequently depends on governmental decisions. An investor may acquire land, establish a company, construct an energy facility, purchase shares in a regulated business, obtain a mining licence, develop infrastructure, enter into a concession agreement or invest hundreds of millions of […]