Introduction The acquisition of an Airbus A320, Boeing 737, Gulfstream, Bombardier Global, Dassault Falcon, Embraer, or any other commercial or private aircraft is legally far more complex than an ordinary sale of movable property. Due to the multimillion-dollar value of aircraft, international registration systems, airworthiness requirements, financing structures, mortgages, rights over engines and equipment, export […]
Seller, Buyer, Carrier and Insurer Liability in Cross-Border Trade and the Role of Incoterms® International trade depends upon the physical movement of goods across borders. A Turkish manufacturer may sell machinery to Germany. A European distributor may purchase electronic components from China. A company in Istanbul may import industrial equipment from the United States, while […]
Introduction International business is increasingly conducted without paper, physical meetings or handwritten signatures. A supplier in Türkiye may negotiate a distribution agreement with a German company entirely by email. A software provider in the United States may conclude thousands of contracts each day through an “I Agree” button. A company director may approve a commercial […]
International Distribution and Franchise Agreements: Legal Risks for Businesses Expanding Abroad International expansion often begins with a deceptively simple commercial idea: Find a local partner and let that partner sell the brand in the new market. The legal reality is considerably more complicated. A company entering a foreign country through a distributor, dealer, franchisee, master […]
A Legal Guide for Turkish Companies Buying from or Selling to China, Germany, the United States and Other International Markets International sales transactions are no longer limited to multinational corporations. A Turkish textile company ordering machinery from Germany, an Istanbul-based electronics importer purchasing components from China, a Turkish manufacturer exporting furniture to the United States, […]
Introduction Cross-border e-commerce has transformed an ordinary consumer purchase into a potentially international legal transaction. A consumer living in Türkiye may purchase a mobile phone from a German seller through Amazon, handmade jewellery from a Canadian merchant through Etsy, electronic equipment from a Chinese trader through Temu, or a second-hand product from a seller located […]
Bilateral Investment Treaties, Indirect Expropriation, Legitimate Expectations and the State’s Right to Regulate Foreign investment frequently depends on governmental decisions. An investor may acquire land, establish a company, construct an energy facility, purchase shares in a regulated business, obtain a mining licence, develop infrastructure, enter into a concession agreement or invest hundreds of millions of […]
Introduction Cross-border mergers and acquisitions frequently involve some of the most sophisticated contractual arrangements in international commerce. A single acquisition may involve a share purchase agreement (“SPA”), shareholders’ agreement, disclosure letter, escrow agreement, warranty and indemnity insurance policy, transitional services agreement, management agreements, financing documents and multiple ancillary contracts governed by different laws. The transaction […]
International Commercial Arbitration in Cross-Border Transactions: Jurisdiction, Applicable Law and Enforcement of Awards When companies negotiate an international contract, the arbitration clause is often treated as boilerplate. Commercial teams spend weeks negotiating price, delivery obligations, warranties, limitation of liability, financing arrangements and termination rights. The dispute-resolution clause may receive only a few minutes of attention […]
Introduction Mining projects are among the most capital-intensive investments in the global economy. Exploration may continue for years before commercial feasibility is established, while mine construction frequently requires hundreds of millions—or several billions—of dollars before meaningful production revenue is generated. Historically, mining companies have relied primarily on equity, corporate debt and conventional project finance. Over […]