Introduction Agency agreements under Turkish commercial law are one of the most important legal tools used by foreign companies, Turkish manufacturers, exporters, importers, service providers, insurers, technology companies and commercial enterprises that want to expand sales without establishing a fully controlled branch or subsidiary. Through a commercial agency agreement, a principal authorizes an independent agent […]
Introduction Distribution agreements in Turkey are widely used by foreign manufacturers, exporters, suppliers, brand owners and trading companies that want to enter or expand in the Turkish market without establishing a full local subsidiary. Through a distribution agreement, a foreign supplier may appoint a Turkish distributor to purchase products, resell them in Turkey, develop customer […]
Introduction International sale of goods contracts in Turkey are among the most common legal instruments used in cross-border trade. Turkish exporters, foreign buyers, manufacturers, distributors, logistics companies, commodity traders, machinery suppliers, construction material providers and industrial purchasers regularly enter into international sales contracts involving Turkey. These contracts may appear straightforward at first glance: one party […]
Introduction Enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Turkey is one of the most important legal issues in international commercial arbitration. A party may win an arbitration in London, Paris, Geneva, Dubai, Singapore, Vienna or another arbitration seat, but if the losing party’s assets are located in Turkey, the award must be made enforceable before Turkish […]
Introduction Recognition and enforcement of foreign court judgments in Turkey is a crucial legal mechanism for individuals, companies, investors, creditors and international businesses that have obtained a judgment abroad but need that judgment to have legal effect in Turkey. A foreign judgment may order payment of money, transfer of assets, performance of contractual obligations, compensation […]
Introduction International arbitration in Turkey has become an increasingly important dispute resolution mechanism for foreign investors, Turkish companies, exporters, importers, contractors, distributors, technology providers, energy companies, infrastructure investors and multinational groups doing business in or with Turkey. In international commerce, parties often prefer arbitration because it offers neutrality, confidentiality, procedural flexibility, technical expertise and a […]
Introduction Jurisdiction clauses are among the most important provisions in Turkey-related international commercial contracts. They determine which court will hear future disputes, which procedural system will apply, how quickly a party may obtain interim measures, and whether the final decision can be enforced against assets located in Turkey. For international businesses, a jurisdiction clause is […]
Introduction Choice of law is one of the most important clauses in any international commercial agreement connected with Turkey. A well-drafted choice of law clause determines which legal system will govern the parties’ contractual rights and obligations. In cross-border commerce, this issue is not merely technical. It directly affects contract interpretation, breach, remedies, limitation periods, […]
Introduction Cross-border commercial contracts in Turkey play a central role in international trade, foreign investment, logistics, construction, manufacturing, distribution, technology transfer, agency relationships and international sale of goods. Turkey’s strategic position between Europe, Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus makes it a natural commercial bridge for companies operating across different jurisdictions. However, […]
Introduction Turkey has long been one of the most strategically positioned jurisdictions for international commerce, foreign direct investment, logistics, manufacturing, construction, technology, energy, infrastructure, real estate and regional trade. Located between Europe, Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus, Turkey functions as a commercial bridge for foreign investors who wish to access multiple […]