1) Executive Summary Türkiye does not yet have a stand-alone “AI Act.” Compliance for AI systems is achieved by mapping use cases onto a layered framework: personal data protection (Law No. 6698, “KVKK”), civil liability and contracts (Turkish Code of Obligations No. 6098, “TCO”), the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102, consumer protection (Law No. 6502), […]
1) System Overview and Core Sources Turkey follows a civil-law system with a title-registration (tapu sicili) regime administered by the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre. Ownership and most in rem rights over immovables arise and are perfected by registration. Four pillars frame the practice: What counts as “immovable”? Land, independent and permanent rights […]
1) Legal Framework and Institutional Map Primary Legislation. Residence in Turkey by non-citizens is governed principally by the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (Law No. 6458) (“LFIP”) and its secondary legislation (Implementation Regulation and various circulars). Work authorization is handled under the International Labor Force Law (Law No. 6735), but a valid work permit […]
19) Model Clause Snippets (Plain English → Turkish Law Ready) Hardship (TCO 138-aligned):“The Parties acknowledge that extraordinary, unforeseeable events that fundamentally disturb the contractual equilibrium may entitle the affected party to seek adaptation in good faith. Failing agreement within 30 days of a written request, the affected party may apply to court for adaptation or […]
) Legal Framework & Authorities Practical note: Numeric thresholds (e.g., minimum capital, independent audit limits) are periodically revised by decrees and board decisions. Confirm the latest figures before filing. 2) Common Legal Forms & Governance Architecture (a) Limited Liability Company (Limited Şirket – “Ltd. Şti.”) (b) Joint Stock Company (Anonim Şirket – “A.Ş.”) (c) Alternatives […]
1) Sources of Law & Key Institutions Primary legislation Institutions 2) Entry, Visas & Border Control Visa policy is nationality-specific (e-visa, sticker, or visa-exempt). Even when a visa is not required, purpose-of-stay and sufficient/subsistence means must be demonstrated at the border. Migration officers may deny entry for public order/security grounds or previous overstays/entry bans. Practice […]
This article is a stand-alone, original analysis intended for professionals who advise on or litigate medical liability disputes in Türkiye. It synthesizes black-letter law with courthouse practice and current trends without quoting external sources. I. Concept, Legal Nature, and Sources In Turkish law, “medical malpractice” encompasses patient harm caused by a healthcare professional’s or institution’s […]
Introduction Mining operations, due to their direct environmental impact, are subject to intense regulatory scrutiny. In Türkiye, companies wishing to operate in the mining sector cannot rely solely on obtaining a mining license. They must also comply with a wide range of environmental regulations, such as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reports, environmental permits and licenses, and site rehabilitation […]
1. Introduction Clinical trials are essential for evaluating the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. However, beyond their scientific importance, these trials involve significant legal and ethical responsibilities. The rights of volunteers, the obligations of sponsoring pharmaceutical companies, and the judicial review of ethics committee decisions are among the key issues under Turkish law. […]