19) Model Clause Snippets (Plain English → Turkish Law Ready) Hardship (TCO 138-aligned):“The Parties acknowledge that extraordinary, unforeseeable events that fundamentally disturb the contractual equilibrium may entitle the affected party to seek adaptation in good faith. Failing agreement within 30 days of a written request, the affected party may apply to court for adaptation or […]
) Legal Framework & Authorities Practical note: Numeric thresholds (e.g., minimum capital, independent audit limits) are periodically revised by decrees and board decisions. Confirm the latest figures before filing. 2) Common Legal Forms & Governance Architecture (a) Limited Liability Company (Limited Şirket – “Ltd. Şti.”) (b) Joint Stock Company (Anonim Şirket – “A.Ş.”) (c) Alternatives […]
1) Sources of Law & Key Institutions Primary legislation Institutions 2) Entry, Visas & Border Control Visa policy is nationality-specific (e-visa, sticker, or visa-exempt). Even when a visa is not required, purpose-of-stay and sufficient/subsistence means must be demonstrated at the border. Migration officers may deny entry for public order/security grounds or previous overstays/entry bans. Practice […]
This article is a stand-alone, original analysis intended for professionals who advise on or litigate medical liability disputes in Türkiye. It synthesizes black-letter law with courthouse practice and current trends without quoting external sources. I. Concept, Legal Nature, and Sources In Turkish law, “medical malpractice” encompasses patient harm caused by a healthcare professional’s or institution’s […]
Introduction As countries seek to secure energy supply and reduce carbon emissions, nuclear energy is once again gaining attention worldwide. Turkey is following this trend with major investments such as the Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant. However, unlike other energy sources, nuclear energy projects require a more rigorous legal and administrative framework. Two of the most critical […]
Maritime transport and logistics, the backbone of global trade, involve complex processes such as the shipment of large volumes of goods, customs transitions, delays, and cargo damage. Disputes arising from these processes are often resolved through arbitration, which is a preferred method due to its flexibility and expertise. Additionally, marine insurance, which secures the cargo during transit, […]
Introduction In today’s interconnected global economy, companies often engage in cross-border commercial relationships involving complex supply chains. From manufacturing to distribution, international contracts bind numerous stakeholders who depend on the timely and uninterrupted flow of goods and services. However, unforeseen events—such as pandemics, wars, or natural disasters—can render contractual performance impossible or excessively burdensome. In […]
Introduction In today’s rapidly evolving healthcare landscape, the medical device industry is growing significantly in response to technological advancements and increasing public health needs. However, manufacturers wishing to operate in this field must not only comply with technical standards but also meet stringent regulatory requirements. Among these, obtaining a CE certificate and completing the licensing processes required by […]
Introduction One of the most groundbreaking developments in modern biotechnology is the advent of CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology. This technique allows for precise, rapid, and cost-effective modification of genetic material in living organisms, unlocking transformative possibilities in areas such as rare genetic diseases, cancer treatments, and agricultural biotechnology. However, the commercialization and clinical use of CRISPR technology have also triggered patent disputes, debates over […]